Hindi

Hindi numerals, punctuation, spacing conventions, nukta letters, and spelling variation.

Greetings, farewells, names, polite formulas, and simple self-introductions.

Cardinal numbers, ordinal numbers, prices, quantities, phone numbers, and simple calculations.

Common nouns, masculine and feminine gender patterns, singular and plural forms, and everyday objects.

Personal pronouns, levels of formality, respectful address, and choosing तू, तुम, आप, यह, वह.

The verb होना for identity, location, possession-like expressions, and basic descriptions.

Family members, relationships, ages, marital status, and describing people close to you.

Common adjectives, agreement with gender and number, and simple descriptions of people and things.

Colors, shapes, sizes, materials, and describing physical qualities.

Simple sentence order, subject-object-verb structure, yes-no questions, and basic negation.

Question words such as क्या, कौन, कहाँ, कब, कैसे, कितना, क्यों, and forming information questions.

Days, months, dates, clock time, frequency words, and scheduling simple activities.

Daily actions, routines, household activities, and common verbs for everyday life.

Habitual present forms with ता/ती/ते, regular patterns, agreement, and everyday routines.

Progressive forms with रहा/रही/रहे, ongoing actions, and present-time situations.

Negation with नहीं, मत, कभी नहीं, and placement in simple verb phrases.

Home spaces, furniture, household items, and describing where things are kept.

Postpositions such as में, पर, से, तक, के पास, के लिए and their core uses.

Oblique noun and pronoun forms before postpositions, plural oblique endings, and agreement effects.

Possession with का/की/के, के पास, अपना, and relationships between people and things.

Common food items, drinks, meals, flavors, and expressing likes and dislikes about food.

Restaurant phrases, ordering, asking for the bill, preferences, restrictions, and complaints.

The verb करना with everyday activities, questions, negatives, and routine expressions.

The verb लेना for taking, receiving, choosing, and common everyday combinations.

The verb देना for giving, offering, permission-related expressions, and common combinations.

The verb जाना for movement, destinations, intentions, and common location phrases.

The verb आना for arrival, ability expressions, experiences, and common idiomatic uses.

Markets, store items, prices, bargaining, sizes, returns, and payment expressions.

Clothing, accessories, fit, color preferences, fabrics, and describing what people wear.

Place vocabulary, addresses, landmarks, directions, distance, and navigation in towns and cities.

Transportation types, tickets, routes, delays, stations, and travel-related requests.

Imperative forms for तू, तुम, आप, polite requests, prohibitions, invitations, and softening expressions.

Modal expressions with चाहिए, सकता, पड़ना, ज़रूरी है, and obligation, ability, permission, and necessity.

Likes, dislikes, preferences, wishes, and भावनात्मक dative patterns with पसंद, अच्छा लगना, मन करना.

Body parts, symptoms, common illnesses, medicine, appointments, and describing physical condition.

Weather conditions, seasons, temperature, natural surroundings, and describing outdoor conditions.

Perfective forms, completed actions, agreement, and everyday past-time statements.

Past habitual forms, childhood routines, repeated past actions, and former states.

Past progressive forms, interrupted actions, and describing what was happening.

Ergative ने with perfective transitive verbs, agreement patterns, and exceptions.

Irregular perfective forms, high-frequency past verb stems, and common spoken variants.

Future forms, predictions, plans, promises, and probability with future endings.

Immediate, planned, and intended future expressions with वाला, जा रहा है, and सोच रहा है.

Travel planning, accommodation, reservations, documents, luggage, and itinerary changes.

Phone calls, messaging, missed calls, confirmations, and clarifying information remotely.

Technology devices, apps, internet use, accounts, passwords, troubleshooting, and digital habits.

School subjects, classes, exams as everyday vocabulary, study routines, and classroom interactions.

Hobbies, games, exercise, creative activities, personal interests, and free-time plans.

Emotions, moods, reactions, personality traits, and describing how people feel.

Adverbs of time, manner, degree, frequency, certainty, and their placement in sentences.

Comparison with से, ज़्यादा, कम, जैसा, उतना, सबसे, and superlative meanings.

Quantifiers such as कुछ, कई, बहुत, थोड़ा, सारा, हर, प्रत्येक and number agreement.

Indefinite and negative pronouns such as कोई, कुछ, कहीं, कभी, किसी, कुछ भी, कोई नहीं.

Direct objects, indirect objects, marking with को, and differences between animate and inanimate objects.

Experiencer constructions with मुझे, उसको, हमें and feelings, needs, knowledge, and sensations.

Making suggestions, accepting, refusing, offering alternatives, and negotiating simple plans.

Apologies, excuses, thanks, sympathy, congratulations, and socially appropriate responses.

Simple past narratives, sequencing words, background details, and cause-effect links in personal stories.

Connectors such as और, लेकिन, क्योंकि, इसलिए, फिर, तब, जब, अगर and sentence linking.

Relative-correlative structures with जो-वह, जहाँ-वहाँ, जब-तब, जैसा-वैसा, जितना-उतना.

Relative participles with वाला, हुई, किया गया, and noun-modifying verb phrases.

Compound verbs with जाना, देना, लेना, पड़ना, उठना, बैठना, डालना and aspectual nuance.

Conjunct verbs with करना, होना, देना, लेना and noun-adjective verb combinations such as मदद करना and शुरू होना.

Serial verb patterns, verb stacking, completion, suddenness, benefaction, and speaker attitude.

Ability, achievement, and success with पाना, सकना, बनना, आना, and हो पाना.

Permission, prohibition, obligation, and social rules with देना, पाना, चाहिए, मना है, and ज़रूरत है.

Advice, recommendations, warnings, and consequences using चाहिए, बेहतर है, वरना, and तो.

Conditional sentences with अगर, यदि, तो, वरना, नहीं तो and real, likely, and hypothetical situations.

Subjunctive forms in wishes, suggestions, polite requests, uncertainty, and subordinate clauses.

Counterfactual meanings with होता, करता, जाता and unreal past or imagined situations.

Causative verb forms, double causatives, agency, and meanings such as make, let, and have done.

Passive voice with जाना, agent marking, formal usage, impersonal statements, and result focus.

Reported speech, embedded questions, quotation markers, and shifts in pronouns and tense.

Direct quotations, कहकर structures, बोलना versus कहना, and reporting commands or requests.

Formal and informal address, respectful verb forms, honorific plurals, and register-sensitive choices.

Polite disagreement, clarification, correction, compromise, and maintaining respectful tone.

Opinions, reasons, evidence, certainty, doubt, and nuanced stance markers.

Cause, purpose, result, and contrast with ताकि, जिससे, इसलिए कि, हालाँकि, जबकि, फिर भी.

Noun clauses with कि, embedded statements, beliefs, thoughts, hopes, and assumptions.

Purpose clauses, result clauses, concession clauses, and layered subordination.

Topic-comment order, emphasis through placement, fronting, and managing known versus new information.

Particles such as ही, भी, तो, न, तक, भर, मात्र and their effects on meaning and emphasis.

Discourse markers such as खैर, वैसे, दरअसल, मतलब, सच कहूँ तो, चलो, अच्छा and conversation flow.

Expressions of certainty, doubt, assumption, hearsay, probability, and inference with शायद, ज़रूर, लगता है, मानो.

Synonyms, antonyms, word families, prefixes, suffixes, and productive word formation.

Sanskrit-derived, Persian-Arabic-derived, and English-derived vocabulary layers and their register effects.

Common idioms, fixed expressions, metaphorical meanings, and natural equivalents in everyday speech.

Proverbs, sayings, and concise moral or practical expressions used in conversation.

Money, banking, bills, budgets, transactions, subscriptions, and financial responsibilities.

Government services, public offices, forms, identity documents, and official procedures.

Housing, renting, repairs, utilities, neighborhood issues, and dealing with service providers.

Safety, emergencies, accidents, lost items, police reports, and urgent requests for help.

Environment, pollution, conservation, energy use, climate issues, and public responsibility.

Science concepts, measurements, processes, cause-effect explanations, and technical descriptions.

Rights, rules, duties, permissions, complaints, and formal problem statements in civic contexts.

Abstract nouns, qualities, states, processes, and conceptual vocabulary for complex topics.

Formal connectors, nominalizations, dense noun phrases, and precise argument structure.

Definitions, classifications, comparisons, hypotheses, and explanations of complex ideas.

Persuasion, concession, rebuttal, emphasis, and balanced presentation of opposing viewpoints.

Nuanced emotion, irony, understatement, exaggeration, sarcasm, and implied meaning.

Ambiguity, double meanings, figurative language, and context-dependent interpretation.

Colloquial contractions, regional variants common in wider Hindi usage, and informal urban expressions.

Formal Hindi vocabulary, official phrasing, respectful distance, and high-register sentence patterns.

Mixed Hindi-English usage, borrowed verbs, code-switching patterns, and register-sensitive choices.

Advanced agreement with complex subjects, coordinated nouns, honorifics, quantified phrases, and exceptions.

Advanced postpositional phrases, layered oblique structures, compound postpositions, and abstract relations.

Advanced passive, impersonal constructions, agent suppression, and formal generalizations.

Advanced participial chains, reduced clauses, simultaneous actions, and compact sentence construction.

Complex tense-aspect combinations, anteriority, continuity, completion, expectation, and retrospective viewpoint.

Subtle differences among compound verb auxiliaries and the speaker attitudes they convey.

Fine distinctions in politeness, directness, deference, warmth, distance, and social positioning.

Extended descriptions, layered narratives, digressions, callbacks, and coherent multi-step accounts.

Complex negotiations, complaints, refusals, concessions, and resolution of misunderstandings.

Precision in definitions, distinctions, exceptions, qualifications, and boundary-setting language.

Advanced modality for necessity, possibility, likelihood, obligation, desirability, and inevitability.

Dense complex sentences with multiple embedded clauses, ellipsis, reference tracking, and cohesive flow.

High-frequency collocations, natural verb-noun pairings, adjective-noun pairings, and fixed grammatical patterns.

Near-synonyms, subtle contrasts, connotation, intensity, and appropriate word choice across registers.

Concise reformulation, paraphrase, summary, expansion, and restatement across informal and formal registers.

Rhetorical questions, parallelism, contrastive framing, emphasis, and memorable phrasing.

Humor, teasing, wordplay, playful exaggeration, and tone management in informal interaction.

Implicit reference, shared assumptions, ellipsis, vague language, and conversational economy.

Highly formal, neutral, informal, intimate, and sarcastic tones with controlled grammatical and lexical choices.

Native-like rhythm of conversation through fillers, repairs, backchanneling, turn-taking, and topic shifts.

Full command of Hindi sentence patterns, idiom, register, nuance, and precise expression across any context.