Greek

Common greetings, farewells, polite expressions, names, and simple personal introductions.

Subject pronouns, the verbs “to be” and “to have,” simple identity statements, and yes-no questions.

Cardinal numbers, counting, prices, ages, phone numbers, and quantities.

Definite and indefinite articles, grammatical gender, singular and plural noun patterns, and basic noun agreement.

Countries, nationalities, languages, hometowns, and simple statements about origin.

Adjectives in gender, number, and case agreement for describing people, places, and things.

Days, months, seasons, dates, clock time, schedules, and time expressions.

Regular present-tense verb patterns, common irregular verbs, and everyday actions.

Basic question words, question formation, short answers, and information requests.

Negation with common particles, negative questions, and simple contrastive statements.

Family members, relationships, marital status, age, and personal descriptions.

Nominative and accusative forms of articles, nouns, adjectives, and direct objects.

Basic prepositions for location, movement, time, and everyday phrases with fixed case patterns.

Rooms, furniture, household objects, addresses, and describing where things are.

Possessive forms, weak possessive pronouns, ownership, belonging, and family connections.

Demonstratives, “this,” “that,” “these,” and “those” with gender, number, and case agreement.

Daily routines, household activities, frequency expressions, and sequencing simple actions.

Reflexive and reciprocal expressions for personal routines, relationships, and repeated actions.

Food items, drinks, meals, flavors, quantities, and ordering in cafés and restaurants.

Partitive expressions, containers, measurements, approximate quantities, and countable versus uncountable meanings.

Common shops, products, prices, payment, sizes, colors, and simple purchase interactions.

Object pronouns in weak and strong forms, direct objects, indirect objects, and pronoun position.

Clothing items, accessories, colors, sizes, materials, and describing outfits.

Present-tense mediopassive verb forms, common middle-meaning verbs, and everyday states or actions.

Likes, dislikes, preferences, favorites, and comparing choices.

The genitive case for possession, relationships, descriptions, quantities, and fixed expressions.

Transportation, tickets, routes, stations, timetables, and getting around town.

Asking for directions, giving route instructions, landmarks, distance, and location phrases.

Simple future with “θα,” plans, intentions, predictions, and scheduled events.

Invitations, appointments, availability, accepting, declining, and rescheduling.

Imperative forms for commands, instructions, invitations, warnings, and everyday requests.

Polite requests, offers, permission, favors, and softening expressions.

Body parts, symptoms, common illnesses, basic treatments, and medical appointments.

Modal expressions for ability, necessity, possibility, obligation, and permission.

Weather, temperature, natural surroundings, landscapes, and simple environmental descriptions.

The “να” construction for complements, purpose, desire, necessity, and dependent actions.

Common emotions, moods, reactions, and describing how people feel.

Adverbs of manner, place, time, degree, frequency, and sentence-level stance.

Hobbies, leisure activities, games, sports, interests, and free-time plans.

Comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs, equality, superiority, inferiority, and intensifiers.

Travel documents, accommodation, reservations, sightseeing logistics, and travel problems.

Imperfect past forms for habits, background situations, ongoing actions, and descriptions in the past.

Aorist past forms for completed events, sequences, and single actions.

Aspect contrasts between imperfective and perfective forms in past, future, subjunctive, and imperative contexts.

Narrating events, ordering actions, background details, and linking past experiences.

The perfect tense with “έχω,” result states, life experiences, recent events, and completed relevance.

The pluperfect for earlier past events, background causes, and sequencing before another past time.

Future perfect forms for completed future actions, deadlines, and projected results.

Personal experiences, memories, achievements, difficulties, and changes over time.

Relative pronouns and relative clauses for identifying, describing, and adding information about nouns.

Indefinite, negative, and universal pronouns for people, things, places, quantity, and choice.

Purpose clauses, result clauses, cause clauses, and common conjunctions connecting ideas.

Technology devices, online actions, messaging, settings, digital problems, and everyday internet language.

Education vocabulary, subjects, classrooms, study habits, exams as events, and academic routines.

First conditional patterns for real possibilities, likely outcomes, warnings, and practical decisions.

Hypothetical conditionals for imagined situations, wishes, advice, and unlikely outcomes.

Past counterfactual conditionals for unreal past situations, regrets, and alternative outcomes.

Advice, suggestions, recommendations, warnings, and expressions of judgment.

Passive and mediopassive meanings, agent expressions, impersonal uses, and action focus.

Passive aorist and passive perfective stems in past, future, subjunctive, and imperative contexts.

Processes, instructions, procedures, and explaining how something is done.

Reported statements, reported questions, tense reference, pronoun shifts, and reporting verbs.

Opinions, agreement, disagreement, certainty, doubt, and balanced viewpoints.

Formal and informal address, levels of politeness, honorific choices, and register-sensitive phrasing.

Common phone expressions, messages, clarifying information, arranging details, and handling misunderstandings.

Email and message conventions, openings, closings, requests, confirmations, and concise written exchanges.

Coordination and subordination with common conjunctions for addition, contrast, choice, time, and condition.

Word order for emphasis, topic-focus structure, clitic placement, and flexible sentence patterns.

Particles such as “θα,” “να,” “ας,” “μήπως,” “άραγε,” and “λοιπόν” in statements, questions, suggestions, and stance.

Double negatives, negative polarity items, prohibitions, and emphatic negation.

Direct and indirect object combinations, clitic doubling, emphasis, and pronoun stacking.

Idiomatic uses of prepositions, prepositional phrases, spatial relations, time relations, and abstract meanings.

Common idiomatic expressions for everyday situations, reactions, surprise, frustration, approval, and hesitation.

Describing personality, values, habits, behavior, strengths, weaknesses, and interpersonal dynamics.

Social plans, small talk, introductions among groups, hosting, visiting, and everyday conversation management.

City services, public places, errands, forms, signs, rules, and solving practical problems.

Money, banking errands, bills, subscriptions, budgets, and common financial transactions.

Housing searches, renting, utilities, repairs, household problems, and neighborhood descriptions.

Rules, rights, responsibilities, prohibitions, permissions, and common administrative language.

Giving reasons, presenting examples, supporting claims, conceding points, and drawing conclusions.

Contrast, concession, reformulation, emphasis, and nuance with advanced linking expressions.

Hypothesis, probability, inference, assumption, and degrees of certainty.

Wishes, hopes, regrets, fears, and emotionally charged hypothetical expressions.

Concessive clauses, “even if” meanings, alternatives, exceptions, and limiting conditions.

Temporal clauses for before, after, until, since, whenever, while, and as soon as.

Participles, verbal adjectives, set participial phrases, and compact descriptive structures.

Nominalizations, abstract nouns, gerund-like expressions, and turning actions into concepts.

Prefix and suffix patterns, compound words, diminutives, augmentatives, and productive word formation.

Formal noun and verb patterns, learned vocabulary, precise definitions, and abstract expression.

Specialized vocabulary for health systems, public administration, education, law-related everyday matters, and civic life.

Cause-effect chains, problem-solution language, priorities, trade-offs, and decision-making expressions.

Detailed descriptions of objects, spaces, processes, sensations, images, and complex scenes.

Generalizations, exceptions, tendencies, statistics in everyday language, and cautious claims.

Persuasion, emphasis, rhetorical questions, framing, and strategic repetition in complex discussions.

Irony, understatement, exaggeration, humor, teasing, and implied meaning in conversation.

Conversation fillers, hesitation markers, turn-taking, interruption, repair, clarification, and topic shifts.

Greek collocations with common verbs, nouns, adjectives, and prepositions for natural phrasing.

Phrasal patterns with high-frequency verbs, light-verb constructions, and fixed verb-noun combinations.

Set phrases for surprise, disbelief, annoyance, relief, gratitude, apology, encouragement, and sympathy.

Regional and informal variants in everyday vocabulary, grammar choices, and conversational style.

Neutral, polite, informal, emphatic, and elevated alternatives for the same meaning.

Abstract vocabulary for ideas, values, identity, society, knowledge, beauty, truth, and change.

Complex noun phrases with stacked modifiers, genitives, relative clauses, and appositions.

Dense sentence structures with embedded clauses, long-distance dependencies, and layered modification.

Cohesion across paragraphs through reference, substitution, repetition, connectors, and thematic progression.

Summarizing, paraphrasing, synthesizing points, and condensing complex information accurately.

Precise stance markers for certainty, doubt, evaluation, importance, limitation, and perspective.

Nuanced disagreement, concession, rebuttal, compromise, and reframing without sounding abrupt.

Fine distinctions among near-synonyms, register pairs, emotional coloring, and context-sensitive word choice.

Metaphorical expressions, figurative comparisons, abstract imagery, and nonliteral meanings in everyday and formal Greek.

Euphemism, tact, indirect criticism, sensitive topics, and socially careful wording.

Highly formal syntax, ceremonial phrasing, official announcements, and elevated public language.

Concise expression, ellipsis, compression, implied subjects, and omission patterns in fluent Greek.

Ambiguity, double meanings, scope, focus, and resolving unclear references through context.

Dialect-aware comprehension of common regional forms, local vocabulary, and major variation without adopting a dialect.

Highly idiomatic spoken Greek, rapid informal exchanges, emotional reactions, and pragmatic shortcuts.

Advanced control of aspect, tense, mood, voice, clitics, case, and register in spontaneous communication.