Regular and common irregular verbs with the present marker for everyday actions.

Cardinal numbers, counting objects, prices, ages, phone numbers, and basic quantities.

Immediate and extended family terms, relationships, ages, and simple descriptions of relatives.

Common object, plant, tool, and thing noun classes with singular-plural patterns.

Adjective agreement with noun classes for size, color, quality, and basic description.

Near, middle, and far demonstratives across noun classes for identifying people and things.

Possessive forms across noun classes for ownership, relationships, and belonging.

Equational, descriptive, and negative identity structures with ni, si, and related forms.

Yes-no questions, information questions, question words, and basic question formation.

Common daily actions, routines, schedules, and simple sequencing of activities.

Days, months, dates, clock time, duration, frequency, and time expressions.

Basic places, locations, locative suffixes, and expressions for being somewhere.

Food items, drinks, meals, ordering, preferences, flavors, and restaurant interactions.

Direct object markers with people and common things in simple present-tense sentences.

Negative present forms for statements, questions, and short answers.

Commands, prohibitions, invitations, and simple instructions in familiar situations.

Items, prices, bargaining language, quantities, sizes, payment, and store interactions.

Past actions, completed events, time references, and regular past-tense verb forms.

Completed states, recent events, results, and contrasts between past and perfect meaning.

Directions, landmarks, movement through places, and asking for help while navigating.

Future plans, predictions, intentions, and scheduled events with future verb forms.

Weather conditions, seasons, landscapes, animals, plants, and natural surroundings.

Motion verbs, destinations, sources, paths, arrivals, departures, and travel verbs.

Relational nouns and prepositional meanings for position, direction, instrument, and association.

Clothing items, colors, materials, fit, appearance, and choosing what to wear.

Body parts, symptoms, pain, health conditions, appointments, and basic medical needs.

Ability, desire, obligation, necessity, permission, and advice with modal expressions.

Polite requests, offers, permission, thanks, apologies, and socially appropriate responses.

Rooms, furniture, household objects, chores, repairs, and everyday home activities.

Habitual actions, general truths, regular behavior, and recurring situations.

Manner, frequency, degree, certainty, time, and place adverbs in natural sentence positions.

Comparatives, superlatives, equality, preference, ranking, and degree expressions.

Reflexive meanings with -ji- for actions directed toward oneself.

Reciprocal meanings with -an- for mutual actions and relationships.

Infinitive forms, verbal nouns, complements after verbs, and common infinitive constructions.

Basic relative clauses for describing people, things, places, and times.

School subjects, study habits, classroom objects, instructions, results, and educational plans.

Sports, games, leisure activities, interests, abilities, and free-time plans.

Feelings, moods, reactions, preferences, fears, hopes, and emotional states.

Quantifiers, distributives, indefinite expressions, and class agreement for amounts and groups.

Independent, emphatic, reflexive, and possessive pronouns in extended discourse.

Negative forms in past, future, perfect, habitual, and modal constructions.

Object markers across noun classes with definiteness, topicality, and known information.

Noun classes for animals, objects, masses, abstract ideas, places, and verbal nouns.

Subject, object, adjective, possessive, demonstrative, and relative agreement across all noun classes.

Passive forms for actions received, agent focus, impersonal statements, and formal description.

Applicative forms for beneficiaries, recipients, purposes, locations, and instruments.

Causative forms for making, letting, helping, or causing someone to do something.

Stative and neuter forms for conditions, potential meanings, and result states.

Combinations of passive, applicative, causative, reciprocal, and stative extensions.

Coordinating and subordinating connectors for addition, contrast, cause, sequence, and alternatives.

Narrative sequencing, consecutive actions, background events, and the -ka- marker.

Real, hypothetical, counterfactual, and past unreal conditions with conditional markers.

Subjunctive forms for wishes, suggestions, obligations, purpose, requests, and indirect commands.

Purpose, result, reason, and consequence clauses in connected sentences.

Direct and indirect speech, reported requests, reported questions, and tense adjustments.

Existence, availability, absence, quantities in places, and locative agreement with kuna and hakuna.

Personal opinions, reasons, evidence, examples, agreement, disagreement, and respectful challenge.

Preferences, choices, compromise, negotiation, refusal, and accepting or rejecting suggestions.

Plans, appointments, invitations, promises, changes, cancellations, and reminders.

Phone conversations, voice messages, texting conventions, online accounts, and digital requests.

Public transport, tickets, routes, delays, vehicles, schedules, and travel problems.

Banks, post offices, offices, repairs, reservations, official forms, and customer service situations.

Renting, moving, utilities, neighborhood features, maintenance problems, and housing preferences.

Cities, roads, public spaces, buildings, safety, crowding, and urban movement.

Money, budgets, bills, discounts, measurements, weights, proportions, and financial choices.

Illness details, treatments, medicine instructions, emergencies, recovery, and health advice.

Computers, phones, apps, internet problems, settings, privacy, and common technical actions.

Climate, resources, pollution, conservation, disasters, and environmental cause-and-effect language.

Rights, responsibilities, rules, permissions, public decisions, and civic participation vocabulary.

Certainty, doubt, probability, assumption, evidence, appearance, and source of information.

Emphasis, contrast, focus structures, cleft-like forms, and ndi- constructions.

Relative markers inside verb forms, amba- relatives, free relatives, and complex antecedents.

Complex subordination with temporal, causal, conditional, concessive, and comparative clauses.

Although, even if, despite, nevertheless, and contrastive reasoning in extended speech.

Potential, unreal, regretted, and imagined situations with nuanced conditional choices.

Discourse markers for turn-taking, topic shifts, clarification, elaboration, and summarizing.

Formal, neutral, informal, respectful, and familiar choices in vocabulary and grammar.

Indirectness, hedging, softening, tactful disagreement, delicate requests, and face-saving expressions.

Common idiomatic expressions, fixed phrases, collocations, and figurative meanings in everyday use.

Prefixes, suffixes, reduplication, compounding, borrowing, and productive word formation patterns.

Nominalizations for actions, processes, qualities, agents, instruments, places, and abstract concepts.

Topic-comment structure, known and new information, left dislocation, and natural emphasis.

Long noun phrases with modifiers, possessives, relative clauses, quantifiers, and apposition.

Precise cause, effect, condition, evidence, contrast, classification, and generalization language.

Nuanced evaluation of benefits, risks, priorities, consequences, and trade-offs.

Extended storytelling with background, suspense, viewpoint, reported speech, and resolution.

Repair strategies, reformulation, clarification, paraphrase, and precise restatement of complex ideas.

Fine distinctions in aspect, completion, duration, repetition, intention, and resulting states.

Regional and stylistic variation in common vocabulary, forms, and levels of standardness.

Dense argumentation, nuanced positions, counterarguments, qualifications, and logically organized speech.