Subject pronouns, the verb “to be,” simple identity statements, and yes-no questions.

Numbers, counting, prices, phone numbers, ages, and basic quantities.

Masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns; singular and plural forms; agreement with basic adjectives.

This, that, here, there, and simple phrases for identifying people, places, and objects.

Present-tense forms of common regular and irregular verbs for everyday actions and states.

Core vocabulary for family members, relationships, age, marital status, and personal details.

Question words, basic question formation, short answers, and common information requests.

Basic negation with verbs, nouns, adjectives, and short everyday responses.

Telling time, days, months, dates, schedules, frequency, and time expressions.

Nominative forms for subjects, predicate nouns, naming, identifying, and describing people and things.

Adjective forms in gender, number, and case for simple descriptions and noun phrases.

Home rooms, furniture, household objects, location phrases, and everyday home activities.

Accusative forms for direct objects, destinations, duration, time expressions, and basic motion targets.

Common food items, drinks, meals, restaurant ordering, preferences, flavors, and dietary needs.

Modal verbs for ability, desire, obligation, permission, and need with infinitive-like constructions.

Personal pronouns in subject, object, and prepositional forms, including stressed and unstressed forms.

Clothing, colors, sizes, prices, shopping requests, returns, and payment situations.

Possessive adjectives and pronouns for ownership, relationships, and belonging.

Genitive forms for possession, quantity, absence, origin, measurements, and many common prepositions.

Countries, cities, nationalities, languages, origin, residence, and basic geographic expressions.

Prepositions with the accusative, genitive, locative, instrumental, and dative in frequent everyday phrases.

Locative forms with place, topic, and position expressions after common prepositions.

Asking for and giving directions, landmarks, addresses, distances, and navigating streets and buildings.

Present-tense verb patterns, stem changes, irregular verbs, and common conjugation groups.

Reflexive pronouns and verbs for daily routines, reciprocal actions, and self-directed actions.

Daily routines, hygiene, meals, chores, errands, and ordinary activities from morning to night.

Instrumental forms for means, tools, company, manner, routes, and descriptive complements.

Describing people, physical appearance, personality traits, impressions, and personal qualities.

Dative forms for indirect objects, recipients, beneficiaries, experiencers, and direction toward people.

Requests, offers, invitations, acceptance, refusal, apologies, thanks, and polite interaction formulas.

Vocative forms for directly addressing people in casual, affectionate, and formal contexts.

Coordinating conjunctions, simple sentence linking, contrast, addition, choice, and cause.

City services, shops, public places, appointments, opening hours, and everyday errands.

Past-tense formation with auxiliary forms and active participles across gender and number.

Past-time markers, completed actions, sequences, background states, and personal experiences.

Basic future forms with hteti, future markers, word order, and planned actions.

Plans, intentions, arrangements, predictions, and near-future expressions.

Imperfective and perfective verb pairs for ongoing, repeated, completed, and result-focused actions.

Aspect choices in present, past, future, commands, negation, and common everyday verb pairs.

Movement on foot and by vehicle, destinations, routes, arrivals, departures, and travel timing.

Verbs of motion with direction, manner, prefixes, destinations, repeated movement, and completed trips.

Body parts, symptoms, pain, injuries, medicine, appointments, and describing health problems.

Imperative forms for commands, instructions, advice, invitations, warnings, and softened requests.

Object, auxiliary, reflexive, and question clitics; placement rules in statements, questions, and subordinate clauses.

Neutral and emphatic word order, information focus, clitic placement, and flexible sentence organization.

Weather, seasons, temperature, landscapes, plants, animals, and environmental conditions.

Cardinal, ordinal, collective, and approximate numbers with correct case and agreement patterns.

Quantities, containers, portions, fractions, percentages, measurements, and expressions of amount.

Comparative and superlative adjective and adverb forms for comparing people, objects, actions, and situations.

Adverbs of manner, time, place, degree, frequency, certainty, and attitude.

Hobbies, games, sports, exercise, leisure activities, equipment, rules, and preferences.

Simple and compound relative clauses with koji, čiji, gde, kada, što, and case agreement.

Subordinate clauses for time, reason, purpose, condition, concession, result, and comparison.

Agreement of verbs, adjectives, participles, pronouns, and numbers with complex noun phrases.

Personal preferences, likes, dislikes, favorite things, indifference, and changing tastes.

Conditional forms with bih, bi, bismo, biste, and bi; hypothetical actions and polite requests.

Giving suggestions, recommendations, warnings, obligations, and advice with modal and conditional forms.

Reported statements, questions, commands, tense choices, pronoun shifts, and reporting verbs.

Expressing opinions, agreement, disagreement, uncertainty, clarification, and respectful counterarguments.

Technology devices, apps, online accounts, messages, settings, troubleshooting, and digital communication.

Passive constructions with biti, participles, se-passives, agent phrases, and result states.

Impersonal expressions for weather, necessity, possibility, emotions, general statements, and unnamed agents.

Education levels, subjects, classrooms, assignments, studying, grades, and academic routines.

Gerunds, verbal nouns, infinitive alternatives, and noun-like expressions of actions and processes.

Participles in compound tenses, adjectival uses, passive meanings, and agreement patterns.

Emotions, moods, reactions, stress, surprise, fear, hope, disappointment, and empathy.

Prefixes that change verb aspect, direction, completion, intensity, repetition, and lexical meaning.

Suffixes, roots, diminutives, augmentatives, noun formation, adjective formation, and verb derivation.

Common collocations, fixed phrases, light-verb expressions, and natural word combinations.

Connecting ideas with cause, consequence, contrast, concession, condition, purpose, and emphasis.

Narrating events with sequencing, background details, viewpoint, tension, interruptions, and conclusions.

Formal and informal address, politeness levels, respectful requests, softened disagreement, and social distance.

Phone calls, voice messages, texting conventions, arranging meetings, cancellations, and confirmations.

Travel planning, accommodation, tickets, reservations, luggage, problems, and assistance requests.

Emergencies, accidents, lost items, urgent requests, warnings, safety instructions, and official help.

Money, banking, bills, subscriptions, budgeting, payments, transfers, and financial problems.

Government offices, forms, documents, permits, registrations, queues, and official requests.

Legal rights, rules, obligations, permissions, prohibitions, complaints, contracts, and official statements.

Cause-and-effect chains, evidence, assumptions, conclusions, and structured explanations.

Nuanced certainty, probability, doubt, assumption, hearsay, and evidential expressions.

Particles and discourse words such as baš, već, tek, ipak, valjda, zar, li, god, and bre.

Idiomatic expressions for everyday situations, emotions, judgments, effort, success, failure, and surprise.

Common proverbs, figurative comparisons, metaphorical meanings, and conventional expressive formulas.

Serbian dialect variation, regional vocabulary, Ekavian and Ijekavian forms, and standard-language choices.

Colloquial reductions, conversational fillers, informal responses, emphasis, teasing, and casual interaction patterns.

Complex noun phrases with multiple modifiers, embedded genitives, appositions, and case-heavy structures.

Advanced case use in abstract meanings, fixed expressions, verbs with required cases, and prepositional nuance.

Advanced aspect choices in narration, repeated events, attempts, interruptions, intentions, and results.

Temporal relationships with before, after, until, while, as soon as, duration, deadlines, and sequence.

Conditional, concessive, hypothetical, counterfactual, and mixed-condition sentence patterns.

Concession, contrast, exception, limitation, and nuanced opposition in complex statements.

Emphasis through inversion, repetition, cleft-like structures, particles, intensifiers, and marked word order.

Summarizing, paraphrasing, defining terms, reformulating ideas, and clarifying misunderstandings.

Argument structure with claims, support, examples, objections, rebuttals, and conclusions.

Abstract vocabulary for society, identity, values, responsibility, freedom, justice, risk, and change.

Precise description of processes, systems, trends, causes, effects, problems, and solutions.

Hypotheses, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, nuance, limitations, and balanced conclusions.

Formal public statements, announcements, complaints, applications, requests, explanations, and official correspondence.

Advanced connectors for coherence, hierarchy, digression, resumption, contrast, inference, and conclusion.

Subtle tone choices for irony, understatement, skepticism, enthusiasm, irritation, diplomacy, and tact.

Near-synonyms, connotation, register differences, intensity, collocational restrictions, and precise word choice.

Advanced idioms, slang-like expressions, humor, exaggeration, understatement, and expressive conversational language.

Dense sentence structures with multiple clauses, ellipsis, parallelism, subordination, and stylistic variation.

Concise expression through nominalization, participial phrases, ellipsis, substitution, and reduced repetition.

Precise use of case, aspect, clitics, agreement, and register in highly controlled complex expression.

Fluent handling of abstract debate, sensitive topics, ambiguity, implicit meaning, and rapid topic shifts.