Romanian

Masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns; singular forms and common plural patterns.

Uninflected and inflected forms of un, o, and niște with basic noun phrases.

Cardinal numbers, prices, ages, quantities, phone numbers, and simple calculations.

Regular present-tense conjugations and frequent verbs for everyday actions.

Daily activities, schedules, household habits, and expressions of frequency.

Yes–no questions, question words, intonation patterns, nu, and basic negative sentences.

Family members, relationships, marital status, and simple statements of possession.

Gender and number agreement, common adjective endings, and basic adjective placement.

Rooms, furniture, household objects, utilities, and describing where things are.

Enclitic definite articles across genders and numbers, including common form changes.

Days, months, seasons, dates, clock time, appointments, and calendar expressions.

Frequent irregular verbs in the present, including a merge, a face, a lua, and a veni.

Subject pronouns, optional subject expression, emphasis, and polite forms of address.

Food items, drinks, meals, quantities, tastes, and dietary preferences.

Ordering, requesting items, asking about ingredients, paying, and resolving simple dining problems.

Accusative direct objects, unstressed object pronouns, and basic placement before verbs.

Shops, products, sizes, prices, payment methods, returns, and comparisons between items.

Colors, patterns, materials, sizes, accessories, and describing what people wear.

Ability, obligation, permission, desire, and necessity with a putea, a trebui, and a vrea.

Buildings, streets, landmarks, location phrases, and navigating towns and neighborhoods.

Common spatial prepositions and phrases expressing position, destination, origin, and movement.

Asking for and giving routes, distances, orientation, and step-by-step directions.

Reflexive pronouns and present-tense reflexive verbs for routines, states, and reciprocal actions.

Weather conditions, temperatures, forecasts, seasonal changes, and impersonal weather expressions.

Physical features, personality traits, age, height, build, and general appearance.

Comparative and superlative structures with mai, cel mai, la fel de, and decât.

Hobbies, games, exercise, sports, creative activities, and preferences about free time.

Affirmative and negative commands, polite instructions, prohibitions, and common irregular imperatives.

Transport types, tickets, schedules, stations, routes, delays, and local travel arrangements.

Accommodation, reservations, check-in, facilities, luggage, itineraries, and travel problems.

Formation and use of the compound past with auxiliary forms and past participles.

Sequencing completed events, stating when actions happened, and recounting recent experiences.

Body parts, symptoms, pain, minor illness, medication, and describing physical condition.

Appointments, medical consultations, pharmacies, treatment instructions, and health-related requests.

Dative indirect objects, unstressed dative pronouns, and verbs commonly taking recipients.

Possessive adjectives and pronouns, agreement patterns, and possession with personal relationships and objects.

Emotions, moods, reactions, personal attitudes, and causes of emotional states.

The imperfect tense for ongoing actions, repeated habits, background states, and descriptions.

Contrasts between completed events and ongoing, habitual, or descriptive past situations.

Ordinal numbers, fractions, percentages, approximate quantities, measurements, and numerical agreement.

Countable and mass quantities with mult, puțin, destul, prea mult, and container expressions.

Plans, intentions, predictions, and promises with voi, o să, and am să constructions.

Invitations, arrangements, availability, postponements, confirmations, and cancellations.

Personal care, cleaning, cooking, maintenance, and organizing domestic responsibilities.

Adverbs of manner, time, place, degree, frequency, and their usual sentence positions.

Coordinating conjunctions for addition, contrast, alternatives, explanations, and consequences.

Telephone calls, voice messages, clarifications, connection problems, and ending conversations politely.

Computers, mobile devices, applications, accounts, settings, files, and common technical problems.

Email, messaging, online interactions, privacy settings, passwords, and digital safety.

Present subjunctive forms after să, including regular, irregular, and reflexive verbs.

Wishes, needs, recommendations, purpose, possibility, and commands expressed through subjunctive clauses.

Contrasts between infinitive and să clauses after modal, aspectual, and preference expressions.

Requests, offers, suggestions, permission, refusals, and degrees of directness.

Conditions, preferences, polite wishes, hypothetical actions, and conditional verb forms.

Real and hypothetical conditions with dacă, including likely and imagined consequences.

School subjects, courses, qualifications, study habits, instructions, and classroom interaction.

Memory, attention, comprehension, knowledge, doubt, certainty, and intellectual ability.

Genitive and dative noun forms, article changes, and common case-marked constructions.

The possessive-genitival article al, a, ai, ale and agreement with the possessed noun.

Kinship, friendship, attraction, trust, conflict, reconciliation, and changing personal relationships.

Relative clauses with care, ce, cine, unde, când, cât, and preposition-plus-relative forms.

Relative possession with al cărui, a cărei, ai căror, and ale căror.

Indefinite pronouns and determiners such as cineva, ceva, vreun, oricare, and fiecare.

Negative pronouns and adverbs with obligatory multiple negation, including nimeni, nimic, and nicăieri.

Use of pe with animate and definite direct objects, including distinctions in specificity.

Required and optional repetition of direct and indirect objects through unstressed pronouns.

Combining direct, indirect, reflexive, and locative clitics in standard Romanian order.

Strong and weak pronoun forms used for emphasis, contrast, disambiguation, and coordination.

Naming, calling, addressing, exclaiming, and case forms used for direct address.

Public buildings, documentation, forms, registrations, permits, queues, and administrative requests.

Bank accounts, cash, transfers, bills, fees, loans, savings, and personal budgeting.

Renting, buying, moving, contracts, deposits, repairs, neighbors, and housing conditions.

Faults, damage, maintenance, service appointments, guarantees, and requesting corrective action.

Narrative sequencing with înainte să, după ce, în timp ce, până când, and de îndată ce.

Cause, reason, result, and consequence with pentru că, fiindcă, deoarece, așa că, and încât.

Purpose constructions with ca să, pentru a, and negative purpose expressions.

Concession and contrast with deși, chiar dacă, cu toate că, însă, and totuși.

The pluperfect tense for events completed before another past reference point.

Simple-past forms, their regional and narrative distribution, and contrasts with the compound past.

Past events organized through background, interruption, simultaneity, sequence, and prior completion.

Reported statements, questions, and commands with changes in pronouns, deixis, and clause structure.

Tense relationships in reported and subordinate clauses without mechanical English-style backshifting.

Future perfect forms for actions completed before a future point and retrospective probability.

Completed hypothetical actions, regrets, missed possibilities, and past conditional consequences.

Past subjunctive forms for completed desired, required, doubted, or evaluated actions.

Advice, warnings, recommendations, criticism, and degrees of obligation or urgency.

Safety instructions, accidents, theft, lost property, emergency calls, and urgent assistance.

Plants, animals, landscapes, ecosystems, natural resources, and environmental conditions.

Pollution, conservation, climate effects, waste, energy use, and proposed environmental solutions.

Regions, borders, terrain, waterways, population, distance, and spatial relationships.

Shapes, dimensions, textures, substances, physical properties, and object composition.

Processes, experiments, evidence, measurements, causes, and general scientific concepts.

Arithmetic, geometry, probability, statistics, trends, ratios, and interpreting numerical relationships.

Active and passive constructions with a fi plus participle, including tense and agreement.

Se constructions expressing passive, impersonal, generic, reciprocal, and reflexive meanings.

Impersonal expressions of necessity, possibility, evaluation, weather, and general human experience.

Gerund formation and use for simultaneous action, manner, cause, and accompanying circumstances.

Supine forms after prepositions and in expressions of purpose, necessity, and intended function.

Participles as verbal forms and adjectives, including agreement, lexicalization, and irregular forms.

Infinitive forms in fixed expressions, formal constructions, verb complements, and nominal uses.

Starting, continuing, stopping, repeating, and completing actions through aspectual verb constructions.

Duration, repetition, habituality, completion, and gradual change expressed through verbs and adverbials.

Presumptive forms for inference, probability, uncertainty, and assumptions about present events.

Perfect presumptive forms for deductions and uncertainty concerning completed events.

Degrees of certainty, probability, doubt, evidence, inference, and source reliability.

Opinions, reasons, examples, qualifications, agreement, disagreement, and partial acceptance.

Claims, premises, counterarguments, objections, rebuttals, and logically structured conclusions.

Compromise, persuasion, concessions, boundaries, alternatives, and resolving interpersonal disagreement.

Compliments, apologies, gratitude, condolences, congratulations, reassurance, and tactful responses.

Formal and informal requests, complaints, explanations, follow-ups, and resolutions across service contexts.

Dumneata, dumneavoastră, dumnealui, dumneaei, and other respectful reference and address forms.

Standard, colloquial, intimate, formal, and elevated choices in vocabulary and sentence structure.

Softening, intensifying, distancing, and negotiating face through modal words and indirect formulations.

Turn-taking, interruptions, topic shifts, clarification, repair, hesitation, and conversational closure.

Discourse markers such as deci, totuși, de fapt, oricum, adică, păi, and mă rog.

Connectors organizing addition, contrast, exemplification, reformulation, sequence, and conclusion.

Definite, indefinite, generic, and zero-determiner noun phrases across concrete and abstract meanings.

Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns, including acesta, acela, cel, colocvial forms, and contrastive uses.

Compound determiners and pronouns such as celălalt, același, însuși, altcineva, and câte unul.

Adjective position before and after nouns, stylistic effects, emphasis, and meaning changes.

Adjectives with complements, participial modifiers, stacked modification, and expanded noun phrases.

Prepositions requiring accusative, genitive, or dative forms and their semantic distinctions.

Complex prepositional phrases expressing reference, exception, opposition, cause, and conformity.

Sentence placement of clitics with finite verbs, infinitives, gerunds, imperatives, and compound forms.

Standard constituent order and variations driven by focus, contrast, topic, rhythm, and emphasis.

Left and right dislocation, topicalization, resumptive pronouns, and emphatic fronting.

Omission of recoverable subjects, verbs, objects, and repeated material in coordinated discourse.

Coordination and subordination involving multiple predicates, shared constituents, and nested clauses.

Reduced, embedded, and nonfinite clauses expressing time, cause, condition, concession, and purpose.

Conditional patterns combining real, potential, counterfactual, concessive, and implied conditions.

Nuanced contrasts among indicative, subjunctive, conditional, presumptive, and imperative meanings.

Repetition, insistence, emotional stance, surprise, disbelief, and evaluation through modal constructions.

Prefixes, suffixes, conversion, compounding, diminutives, augmentatives, and productive word families.

Meanings and connotations of diminutive and augmentative forms beyond literal size.

Verb prefixes and particles expressing direction, completion, repetition, removal, and intensity.

Common noun, adjective, adverb, and verb collocations with restrictions on natural word combinations.

Fixed verbal, nominal, adjectival, and prepositional expressions used as single semantic units.

Idiomatic expressions for emotions, judgments, success, failure, difficulty, and interpersonal situations.

Literal and figurative senses, metaphorical extension, metonymy, and conventional imagery.

Synonym distinctions involving intensity, register, connotation, context, and grammatical behavior.

Polysemy, homonymy, ambiguity, paraphrase, and selecting meanings from context.

Precise vocabulary for abstract qualities, relationships, processes, causes, and evaluations.

Temporal, causal, comparative, classificatory, and definitional relationships among complex ideas.

Rights, duties, rules, fairness, responsibility, authority, and participation in public life.

Laws, regulations, evidence, accusations, responsibility, penalties, and dispute procedures.

Values, principles, moral choices, dilemmas, intentions, consequences, and ethical judgment.

Physical and mental well-being, prevention, long-term conditions, treatment choices, and healthcare decisions.

Identity, belonging, social inclusion, inequality, accessibility, and relations among social groups.

Innovation, automation, artificial intelligence, privacy, cybersecurity, and effects of technological change.

Research questions, hypotheses, methods, variables, findings, limitations, and evidence-based conclusions.

Definitions, classifications, comparisons, examples, qualifications, and precise presentation of complex concepts.

Generalizations, exceptions, hedging, approximation, and cautious commitment to claims.

Emphasis through repetition, inversion, cleft-like structures, particles, and lexical intensifiers.

Humorous incongruity, irony, sarcasm, understatement, teasing, and signals preventing misinterpretation.

Implied requests, indirect criticism, presuppositions, conversational inference, and context-dependent meaning.

Deictic expressions for person, place, time, social distance, and discourse reference.

Maintaining and shifting reference with nouns, pronouns, demonstratives, omission, and lexical repetition.

Anaphora, cataphora, substitution, repetition, and lexical chains across extended discourse.

Topic introduction, development, digression, return, summary, and transitions between complex ideas.

Narrative viewpoint, temporal distance, pacing, foregrounding, backgrounding, and shifts in perspective.

Detailed sensory description, spatial organization, comparison, atmosphere, and evaluative viewpoint.

Persuasive framing, rhetorical questions, parallelism, contrast, accumulation, and strategic repetition.

Dense noun phrases, nominalizations, passive constructions, and impersonal formulations in formal language.

Replacing nouns, clauses, and repeated propositions through pronouns, proforms, and compressed constructions.

Colloquial contractions, particles, fillers, pragmatic markers, and informal sentence patterns.

Differences among standard, regional, colloquial, and nonstandard forms without confusing context-specific usage.

Less frequent inherited forms, elevated vocabulary, and older constructions still encountered in formal contexts.

Fine distinctions in aspect, agency, intentionality, causation, affectedness, and degree.

Resolving structural, lexical, and referential ambiguity through reformulation and contextual specification.

Restating complex meanings while preserving implication, tone, emphasis, and level of formality.

Adapting directness, detail, register, and assumptions to audience, relationship, purpose, and context.

Subtle emotional coloring, social positioning, implied evaluation, and interpersonal effects of lexical choice.

Natural combinations of grammar, vocabulary, discourse markers, idioms, and pragmatic choices in unrestricted communication.