Persian

Persian and international numerals, punctuation, spacing, and the zero-width non-joiner.

Everyday greetings, farewells, courtesy expressions, and simple introductions.

Independent subject pronouns, personal reference, and polite forms of address.

Present forms of بودن, enclitic copulas, هست, نیست, and simple identity statements.

Names, origins, nationalities, languages, occupations, and personal details.

Noun–modifier linking with اضافه in possessive and descriptive phrases.

Definite interpretation, the indefinite marker ـی, and nouns with or without articles.

Regular plural markers ها and ان, common human plurals, and basic agreement patterns.

این, آن, همین, همان, and demonstrative phrases for identifying people and objects.

Cardinal numbers, counting expressions, prices, ages, and quantities.

Days, months, seasons, dates, clock time, and scheduling expressions.

Present stems, میـ, personal endings, and high-frequency regular and irregular verbs.

Affirmative and negative verbal sentences with نمیـ, نیست, and negative pronouns.

Yes–no questions, question words, rising intonation, and answers to common questions.

Family members, relationships, marital status, and describing a household.

Qualifying nouns with adjectives, adjective order, and adjective phrases joined by اضافه.

Colors, shapes, sizes, materials, and descriptions of everyday objects.

Rooms, furniture, household objects, utilities, and describing where someone lives.

Existence and possession with هست, وجود داشتن, داشتن, and متعلق بودن.

Location and movement with در, به, از, روی, زیر, کنار, بین, and related prepositions.

Common daily actions, habits, schedules, and sequencing a routine.

Direct objects, the marker را, specific reference, and basic object word order.

Food items, drinks, meals, flavors, ingredients, and dietary preferences.

Ordering, requesting items, asking about a menu, paying, and responding to service staff.

Imperative and prohibitive forms for instructions, invitations, warnings, and requests.

Clothes, footwear, accessories, sizes, colors, and describing what people wear.

Stores, prices, currency, quantities, bargaining language, and returning goods.

Common measure words, containers, units, fractions, and approximate amounts.

Cardinal and ordinal forms, sequencing, rankings, floors, and numbered items.

Body parts, physical features, pain, symptoms, and basic health needs.

Making appointments, describing symptoms, obtaining medicine, and following treatment instructions.

Present-tense forms of compound verbs built from nouns, adjectives, prepositions, and light verbs.

Enclitic possessive pronouns for ownership, relationships, objects, and body parts.

Weather conditions, forecasts, temperature, landscapes, plants, and animals.

Leisure activities, games, sports, interests, and expressing preferences.

دوست داشتن, ترجیح دادن, خوش آمدن, and expressions of preference and aversion.

توانستن, باید, لازم بودن, ممکن بودن, and expressions of ability, necessity, and possibility.

Streets, landmarks, cardinal directions, routes, and asking for or giving directions.

Vehicles, fares, stations, traffic, schedules, and using public or private transportation.

Destinations, reservations, tickets, luggage, accommodation, and travel problems.

Simple past formation from past stems, personal endings, and frequent irregular verbs.

Past actions involving آمدن, رفتن, دیدن, خوردن, گرفتن, دادن, and other essential verbs.

Yesterday, last week, ago, then, suddenly, and other expressions locating past events.

Describing completed events, personal experiences, and chronological sequences.

Past habitual and ongoing actions with میـ and the past stem.

Contrasts among completed, repeated, ongoing, and background actions in the past.

Progressive constructions with داشتن for actions in progress in present and past contexts.

Present perfect forms, past events with current relevance, life experiences, and recent results.

Differences among simple past, present perfect, and colloquial perfect forms.

Friendship, romance, social connections, invitations, visits, and interpersonal boundaries.

Happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, embarrassment, and degrees of emotional intensity.

Physical and personality traits, behavioral tendencies, and balanced character descriptions.

Comparative forms with تر, superlatives with ترین, and equality constructions.

Adverbs of manner, frequency, degree, time, viewpoint, and sentence-level evaluation.

همیشه, اغلب, گاهی, به‌ندرت, هرگز, هنوز, دیگر, and placement of frequency expressions.

Connecting events and ideas with و, اما, ولی, چون, زیرا, پس, بنابراین, and related conjunctions.

Infinitive forms, verbal nouns, dictionary forms, and infinitives used after other expressions.

Present subjunctive formation with بـ, negative forms, and frequent irregular stems.

Subjunctive clauses after wanting, requesting, permitting, preventing, and preferring.

Subjunctive clauses after necessity, possibility, doubt, emotion, and impersonal expressions.

Future reference through present forms, time expressions, intention verbs, and formal خواهد constructions.

Plans, intentions, predictions, promises, expectations, and degrees of certainty.

Request forms with لطفاً, می‌شود, ممکن است, زحمت, خواهش, and softened imperatives.

Invitations, suggestions, offers, acceptance, refusal, and negotiating shared plans.

Giving recommendations, warnings, encouragement, and personal or practical advice.

Telephone openings, identifying callers, leaving messages, interruptions, and connection problems.

Digital devices, internet access, applications, accounts, messaging, and troubleshooting common problems.

School subjects, courses, classroom objects, study habits, qualifications, and academic schedules.

Knowledge, memory, comprehension, confusion, certainty, and asking for clarification.

Relative clauses introduced by که for identifying and describing people, places, and things.

Object gaps, resumptive pronouns, prepositional relationships, and را inside relative clauses.

The past participle, pluperfect forms, and events completed before another past reference point.

بودن, شدن, ماندن, به نظر رسیدن, and other linking verbs expressing state or change.

Passive constructions with past participles and شدن across common tenses and moods.

Choosing active, passive, impersonal, or agentless structures according to information focus.

Subject, direct-object, and indirect-object uses of enclitic pronouns in formal and colloquial Persian.

Multiple enclitics, attachment order, ambiguity, and attachment to nouns, verbs, and prepositions.

Prepositions followed by nouns, pronouns, enclitics, and اضافه-based complements.

Formal and compound prepositions such as دربارهٔ, نسبت به, بر اساس, به دلیل, and در برابر.

Sending, giving, lending, showing, telling, and other transfer events with recipients and beneficiaries.

Personal income, expenses, banking, bills, borrowing, saving, and household financial decisions.

Repairs, cleaning, cooking, maintenance, moving, renting, and dealing with household problems.

Accidents, lost property, urgent assistance, safety instructions, and reporting immediate problems.

Post offices, banks, municipal offices, forms, identification, and routine administrative requests.

Permissions, prohibitions, rules, obligations, and consequences in shared or public spaces.

Real and likely conditions with اگر, اگه, وقتی, and appropriate present or future reference.

Hypothetical present and future situations using past forms, subjunctives, and modal expressions.

Past counterfactual conditions, missed possibilities, regret, and imagined alternative outcomes.

Direct quotations, indirect statements, indirect questions, and reporting commands or requests.

Reporting verbs, viewpoint shifts, pronoun reference, and Persian patterns with limited tense backshift.

Expressing opinions, reasons, examples, qualifications, and conclusions in everyday discussions.

Agreement, partial agreement, disagreement, correction, objection, and respectful challenge.

Turn-taking, interruption, hesitation, topic changes, repair, and keeping a conversation moving.

Colloquial forms of copulas, pronouns, prepositions, verb endings, and frequent reduced expressions.

Systematic contrasts between conversational and formal sentence forms without changing core meaning.

Common colloquial verb forms such as می‌خوام, می‌تونم, می‌گم, رفتم, and contractions with enclitics.

Conversational particles such as خب, دیگه, آخه, یعنی, حالا, اصلاً, تازه, and بابا.

Forms of address, honorific plurals, titles, indirect requests, and levels of interpersonal distance.

Formal pronouns, elevated verbs, respectful constructions, and conventional institutional phrasing.

Describing causes, effects, purposes, methods, conditions, and outcomes with precise connectors.

زمانی که, در حالی که, قبل از اینکه, بعد از اینکه, تا, and other temporal clause patterns.

Although, despite, whereas, even if, and other concessive or contrastive constructions.

Purpose clauses with تا and برای اینکه, including required subjunctive forms.

که clauses functioning as subjects, objects, complements, explanations, and reported content.

Complex sentences containing multiple coordinated, subordinate, relative, and parenthetical clauses.

Normal subject–object–verb order, topicalization, scrambling, and the effects of definiteness and emphasis.

جمله‌سازی with topic–comment organization, given and new information, contrast, and focus particles.

هم, فقط, حتی, نیز, دیگر, خود, تنها, and particles that add, restrict, or emphasize information.

Reflexive and emphatic uses of خود with nouns, pronouns, prepositions, and enclitics.

Reciprocal meanings with همدیگر, یکدیگر, and reciprocal compound verbs.

هیچ, هر, همه, بعضی, چند, کسی, چیزی, هرکس, and other indefinite or universal pronouns.

Scope and interpretation of negation with quantifiers, modals, compound verbs, and subordinate clauses.

Counting mass and count nouns with numeral classifiers, measure phrases, and distributive expressions.

Arabic-derived broken plurals, Persian alternatives, register differences, and agreement behavior.

Productive prefixes, suffixes, and stem combinations for forming nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.

Common Arabic-derived roots, patterns, participles, abstract nouns, and their behavior in Persian.

Semantic differences among کردن, شدن, زدن, دادن, گرفتن, خوردن, کشیدن, آوردن, and بردن compounds.

Verb families built with بر, در, باز, فرو, وا, and other preverbal elements.

Causative meanings expressed through causative stems, واداشتن, باعث شدن, اجازه دادن, and transitive alternations.

Intentional, accidental, natural, and externally caused changes in transitive and intransitive pairs.

Resultative meanings, completed states, continuative states, and distinctions involving ماندن and شدن.

Perfect subjunctive forms for uncertain completion, evaluation, possibility, and dependent clauses.

Past subjunctive and perfect forms after wishes, doubts, conditions, and unrealized expectations.

Inferential and reportative uses of perfect forms for conclusions, discoveries, and indirect evidence.

Degrees of certainty expressed through شاید, حتماً, احتمالاً, گویا, ظاهراً, انگار, and modal constructions.

Literal and figurative language for sensory perception, awareness, inference, and appearance.

Recounting events with orientation, background, climax, consequence, and changes in viewpoint.

Historical present, tense shifts, aspect choices, and dramatic sequencing in spoken narratives.

Descriptions of places, people, objects, processes, and scenes with layered modifiers and precise spatial language.

Defining concepts, classifying information, comparing alternatives, and explaining multistep processes.

Claims, supporting reasons, counterarguments, rebuttals, examples, and logically qualified conclusions.

Logical relationships expressed through بنابراین, در نتیجه, با این حال, از سوی دیگر, افزون بر این, and similar connectors.

Reference chains, lexical repetition, substitution, ellipsis, and connector choice across extended discourse.

Avoiding or using pronouns, repeated nouns, demonstratives, and zero subjects to maintain clear reference.

Information presented as background, parenthetical comment, clarification, reformulation, or afterthought.

Nominalized verbs, abstract nouns, اضافه chains, and dense formal noun phrases.

Multiple اضافه links, embedded modifiers, ambiguity, and strategies for interpreting long noun phrases.

Active and passive participles used as adjectives, nouns, reduced clauses, and components of compound forms.

Reduced temporal, causal, conditional, and descriptive relationships expressed without full finite clauses.

Ellipsis in coordinated sentences, responses, comparisons, compound verbs, and contextually recoverable structures.

Parallel structures, balanced clauses, controlled repetition, and syntactic rhythm for emphasis.

Precise distinctions among near-synonyms and choices shaped by context, connotation, and register.

Words with multiple related meanings, ambiguous phrases, and context-dependent interpretation.

Common noun–verb, adjective–noun, and adverb–verb combinations expected in natural Persian.

Fixed expressions, figurative compound verbs, conversational formulas, and nonliteral meanings.

Common proverbial expressions and their use in explanation, persuasion, warning, and evaluation.

Conceptual metaphors for time, emotion, conflict, difficulty, success, and social relationships.

Understatement, exaggeration, irony, sarcasm, and contextual cues that distinguish literal from intended meaning.

Presupposition, indirect meaning, conversational inference, and interpreting what is suggested but unstated.

Hedges, boosters, approximators, and cautious claims using تا حدی, تقریباً, شاید, به‌نظر می‌رسد, and related forms.

Softened references to sensitive subjects, indirect criticism, face-saving language, and tactful reformulation.

Apologies, explanations, accepting responsibility, making amends, and responding to complaints.

Persuasion, negotiation, compromise, conditions, concessions, and reaching a shared decision.

Praise, criticism, evaluation, feedback, and reactions calibrated for directness and formality.

Physical and mental wellness, lifestyle choices, treatment options, risks, and health-related decision-making.

Natural processes, ecosystems, resources, pollution, climate, and environmental responsibility.

Scientific concepts, observation, measurement, hypotheses, evidence, uncertainty, and causal explanation.

Data, devices, automation, privacy, security, artificial intelligence, and effects of technological change.

Learning systems, access to education, teaching methods, knowledge development, and educational policy.

Population, housing, inequality, migration, public welfare, and changing social conditions.

Laws, rights, duties, fairness, responsibility, evidence, and consequences.

Government institutions, elections, public policy, civic participation, and political viewpoints.

Prices, taxation, inflation, trade, consumption, resources, and broad economic trends.

Identity, values, morality, knowledge, freedom, responsibility, and other abstract concepts.

Complex emotions, conflicting motivations, moral judgments, and subtle interpersonal attitudes.

Space, time, degree, causality, and comparison expressed through advanced abstract prepositional patterns.

Fine distinctions among tense, aspect, mood, modality, and evidential interpretation in context.

Stylistically marked inversion, delayed constituents, detached phrases, and deliberate departures from neutral word order.

Highly formal vocabulary, compact syntax, impersonal constructions, and elevated connective patterns.

Obsolete, elevated, and inherited forms still encountered in fixed expressions and formal usage.

Fine control of conversational, neutral, formal, technical, and elevated vocabulary within the same topic.

Regional pronunciation-independent vocabulary, grammar, and idiom within Iranian Persian.

Major lexical, grammatical, and usage contrasts among Iranian Persian, Dari, and Tajik Persian.

Dense clause combinations, long-distance dependencies, subtle reference, and structurally ambiguous sentences.

Fine-grained control of idiomaticity, collocation, implication, tone, and stylistic appropriateness across contexts.