Everyday greetings, farewells, courtesy expressions, and formal and informal forms of address.

Names, origins, nationalities, languages, and simple personal information.

Personal pronouns, the present forms of the copula, and affirmative and negative identity statements.

Common noun forms, absence of grammatical gender and articles, and the plural suffix -ები.

Cardinal numbers, the Georgian vigesimal system, counting, prices, and basic calculations.

Weekdays, months, calendar dates, clock time, schedules, and frequency expressions.

Relatives, relationships, ages, marital status, and descriptions of family members.

Nominative forms, basic dative forms, and their roles in simple sentences.

Present-series conjugation of common regular verbs for everyday actions and states.

Subject and object person markers and agreement with first-, second-, and third-person participants.

Yes-no questions, question words, negative forms, and short answers.

Habitual activities, morning and evening routines, frequency, and sequence.

Rooms, furniture, household objects, living arrangements, and basic household activities.

Descriptive adjectives, noun–adjective order, basic inflection, colors, size, and physical qualities.

Genitive possession, possessive pronouns, and possession with აქვს and ჰყავს.

Food items, drinks, meals, flavors, dietary needs, and ordering in cafés and restaurants.

Near and distant demonstratives, deictic contrasts, and reference to people and objects.

Clothing, footwear, accessories, sizes, colors, and describing what someone is wearing.

Products, prices, payment, quantities, returns, and interactions in shops and markets.

Containers, portions, measurements, approximate amounts, and expressions such as ბევრი, ცოტა, and რამდენიმე.

Location with common postpositions, spatial relations, and answers to where questions.

Asking for and giving directions, landmarks, routes, distances, and orientation.

Vehicles, routes, tickets, stations, departure times, and everyday journeys.

Future-series forms, preverbs, intentions, predictions, and scheduled events.

Affirmative and negative commands, polite requests, prohibitions, and softened directives.

Weather conditions, seasons, temperature, forecasts, and seasonal activities.

Body parts, basic symptoms, pain, common illnesses, and simple medical needs.

Making, confirming, changing, and canceling appointments and reservations.

Ongoing and habitual past actions, background description, and repeated past events.

Sports, games, leisure activities, interests, preferences, and ability.

Subjects, classrooms, study routines, qualifications, and participation in education.

Comparative and superlative constructions, equality, inequality, and degree.

Regular aorist formation and completed past actions in the second series.

Ergative subjects, nominative objects, and split alignment in aorist-series transitive clauses.

Irregular aorist stems, suppletive forms, stem changes, and high-frequency exceptions.

Narrating completed events, sequencing actions, and distinguishing foreground from background.

Optative forms for wishes, desired actions, purpose, commands, and modal constructions.

Invitations, suggestions, arrangements, acceptance, refusal, and changes of plan.

Direct and indirect objects, dative participants, and agreement with multiple arguments.

The four major Georgian verb classes and their characteristic subjects, objects, and screeve behavior.

Transitive verb patterns, thematic suffixes, object marking, and tense-series changes.

Intransitive and passive-like patterns, stem formation, and subject marking across tense series.

Walking, driving, arriving, leaving, entering, crossing, carrying, and directional contrasts.

Destinations, accommodation, documents, itineraries, luggage, and resolving travel problems.

Genitive endings, possession, noun modification, postpositional government, and stem changes.

Means, accompaniment, material, manner, and other functions of the instrumental case.

Adverbial case uses for roles, transformations, languages, manner, and temporary status.

Direct address, names and titles in address, and productive and fixed vocative forms.

Consonant- and vowel-final stems, contraction, syncope, epenthesis, and irregular declension.

Case-governing postpositions for place, time, source, destination, accompaniment, cause, and comparison.

Personal, possessive, demonstrative, interrogative, indefinite, negative, and universal pronouns.

Reflexive forms with თავი, reciprocal constructions, and contrasts between self-directed and mutual actions.

Descriptions with რომელიც, ვინც, რაც, სადაც, and related relative structures.

Coordinating conjunctions for addition, contrast, choice, explanation, and consequence.

Present subjunctive forms for possibility, expectation, uncertainty, and dependent modal contexts.

Conditional-series forms for hypothetical outcomes, polite distancing, and future-in-the-past.

Future subjunctive forms in dependent clauses involving possibility, purpose, and anticipated conditions.

Ability, necessity, obligation, permission, willingness, and probability with modal verbs and constructions.

Advice, recommendations, warnings, encouragement, and degrees of interpersonal force.

Feelings, moods, reactions, preferences, fears, hopes, and emotional intensity.

Dative-subject constructions for experience, perception, desire, knowledge, and involuntary states.

Common symptoms, diagnoses, treatments, medication instructions, and communication during medical care.

Subjective, objective, and neutral version vowels and their effects on participant roles and meaning.

Benefactive, possessive, and relational meanings encoded through version and agreement.

Causative morphology, causing or allowing actions, and single and double causative meanings.

Synthetic and analytic passive patterns, agent expression, and event-focused clauses.

Perfect forms for prior events, resulting states, reported information, and current relevance.

Dative subjects, nominative objects, and inverted agreement patterns in the perfect series.

Distinctions among witnessed events, inferred events, reported events, and unexpected discoveries.

Pluperfect forms for events preceding a past reference point and unrealized prior situations.

Perfect subjunctive forms for uncertain prior events, wishes, assumptions, and dependent perfect contexts.

Present and past participles, active and passive formations, and adjectival verb forms.

Masdars, action nouns, case-marked verbal nouns, and their use as arguments and complements.

Finite and nonfinite strategies used where English commonly uses infinitives.

Clauses following verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, wanting, trying, and perception.

Direct and indirect reports, person and tense shifts, quotative particles, and source attribution.

Before, after, while, until, since, whenever, and as-soon-as clauses.

Real, predictive, hypothetical, counterfactual, and mixed conditional patterns.

Concessive clauses with although, even if, despite, and no-matter meanings.

Purpose clauses, intended results, actual consequences, and prevention constructions.

Cause, reason, justification, consequence, and distinctions among causal connectors.

Perfective and imperfective contrasts created by preverbs, tense choice, lexical meaning, and context.

Spatial and lexical meanings of Georgian preverbs, including direction, completion, and derivation.

Beginnings, continuation, repetition, completion, duration, and boundaries of events.

Polypersonal agreement, marker ordering, argument hierarchy, and resolution of person-marker conflicts.

Middle-voice and activity verbs, atelic actions, habitual meanings, and class-specific tense behavior.

States, feelings, abilities, possession, and other class-specific indirect patterns.

Stative predicates, resulting conditions, existential forms, and contrasts between state and event.

Existence, presence, absence, availability, occurrence, and location with არის, არსებობს, აქვს, and related forms.

Cardinal and ordinal numbers, fractions, decimals, percentages, ranges, and approximate values.

Distributive quantities, repetition counts, multiplicative expressions, and groupings.

All, each, every, either, neither, both, enough, several, and scope-sensitive quantity expressions.

Indefinite and negative pronouns, polarity-sensitive forms, and negative concord.

Telephone calls, messages, contact details, connectivity problems, and digital interaction.

Devices, software, online services, privacy, security, automation, and troubleshooting.

Bank accounts, cash, cards, transfers, bills, borrowing, saving, and household budgets.

Renting, utilities, repairs, neighbors, household responsibilities, and housing problems.

Police, fire, accidents, lost property, urgent requests, warnings, and safety instructions.

Forms, identification, applications, queues, public facilities, and routine administrative procedures.

Friendship, affection, trust, boundaries, support, conflict, reconciliation, and changing relationships.

Complaints, apologies, explanations, blame, compromise, and resolution of disagreements.

Direct and indirect refusals, face-saving strategies, mitigation, insistence, and negotiation.

Formal and informal second-person address, titles, kinship terms, honorific choices, and social distance.

Names, surnames, patronymic patterns, nicknames, titles, and reference to people in different contexts.

Natural features, plants, animals, landscapes, environmental conditions, and ecological change.

Energy, pollution, conservation, climate effects, sustainability, and environmental decisions.

Shapes, dimensions, arithmetic operations, measurement, probability, and quantitative comparison.

Matter, energy, organisms, processes, experiments, evidence, and general scientific explanation.

Government bodies, elections, public policy, rights, responsibilities, and civic participation.

Rules, permissions, prohibitions, responsibility, evidence, disputes, and basic legal concepts.

Prices, supply, demand, taxation, inequality, trade, resources, and economic change.

Identity, community, social groups, demographic change, inclusion, and public welfare.

Belief, knowledge, truth, value, morality, freedom, causation, and other abstract concepts.

Agreement, disagreement, partial agreement, qualification, rebuttal, and support for a position.

Claims, reasons, examples, counterarguments, assumptions, and logically organized conclusions.

Definitions, classifications, comparisons, distinctions, generalizations, and exceptions.

Certainty, doubt, probability, apparentness, personal judgment, and distance from a claim.

Neutral, formal, informal, intimate, bureaucratic, and elevated lexical and grammatical choices.

Colloquial contractions, omitted elements, conversational particles, and everyday nonstandard variants.

Formal requests, notices, applications, acknowledgments, and conventional administrative wording.

Default and marked constituent order, scrambling, and the interaction of syntax with discourse context.

Placement of given and new information, topic–comment organization, contrast, and focal prominence.

Focus particles, emphatic constructions, exclusives, additives, and scalar meanings.

Uses of ხომ, კი, მაინც, მხოლოდ, სწორედ, უკვე, ჯერ, and related discourse-sensitive particles.

Question particles, rhetorical questions, confirmation seeking, surprise, challenge, and biased questions.

Omission of recoverable subjects, objects, verbs, and repeated material without loss of clarity.

Reference chains, pronoun choice, demonstratives, repetition, and avoidance of ambiguous antecedents.

Connectors for sequencing, contrast, elaboration, reformulation, conclusion, and topic transition.

Thematic progression, paragraph-level continuity, digression, return, and global coherence.

Nominalized clauses, abstract noun constructions, compact information packaging, and formal density.

Productive prefixes and suffixes for people, places, qualities, actions, instruments, and abstract nouns.

Compound nouns, compound predicates, lexicalized combinations, and boundaries between compounds and phrases.

Common verb–noun, adjective–noun, and adverb–verb combinations and restrictions on natural word choice.

Multiple meanings of common words, contextual disambiguation, metaphorical extensions, and semantic networks.

Fine distinctions among near-synonyms by intensity, attitude, register, aspect, and typical context.

Opposition, gradability, reverses, complementary pairs, and context-dependent antonymy.

Fixed expressions, nonliteral combinations, and conversational formulas whose meanings are not fully compositional.

Metaphor, metonymy, personification, hyperbole, understatement, and figurative comparison.

Indirect criticism, teasing, sarcasm, irony, deadpan meanings, and cues that reverse literal interpretation.

Taboo avoidance, softened references, respectful substitution, and deliberately vague formulations.

Intensity, affection, frustration, surprise, contempt, admiration, and subtle emotional coloring.

Interjections, reaction formulas, backchanneling, hesitation devices, turn-taking, and conversational repair.

Clarification, reformulation, correction, confirmation, paraphrase, and recovery from misunderstanding.

Implicit requests, suggestions, criticism, refusal, presupposition, and meaning inferred from context.

Entailment, presupposition, implication, ambiguity, and contrasts between literal and intended meaning.

Strategic ambiguity, precise qualification, scope control, and resolving structurally ambiguous statements.

Subtle contrasts among present, imperfect, aorist, future, and perfect forms in narrative and commentary.

Aspectual reinterpretation, coerced readings, repeated completion, attempted actions, and incomplete outcomes.

Marked case choices, noncanonical subjects, affected participants, and alternations that change perspective.

Long-distance dependencies, embedded clauses, multiple subordination, and structurally dense sentences.

Nested relative clauses, reduced relative meanings, resumptive strategies, and reference across clause boundaries.

Correlative pairs expressing whoever, whatever, wherever, however much, and corresponding demonstrative results.

Verbal morphology with multiple preverbs, version vowels, causatives, thematic markers, and agreement affixes.

Rare and irregular screeve forms, suppletion, defective paradigms, and lexical exceptions in high-level usage.

Older forms and fossilized grammatical patterns that remain active in contemporary fixed expressions and formal usage.

Native, borrowed, international, and newly coined vocabulary, with differences in register and acceptability.

Standard Georgian alongside common regional and social variants, including differences in vocabulary and grammar.

Dense information, layered implication, stance shifts, rhetorical structure, and highly compressed expression.

Rhythmically balanced clauses, repetition, parallelism, contrastive framing, escalation, and persuasive emphasis.

Natural selection among equivalent structures according to emphasis, register, interpersonal effect, and discourse purpose.