The verb hebben, possession, common personal items, and simple ownership statements.

Definite and indefinite articles, de and het nouns, and basic noun patterns.

Family members, relationships, ages, marital status, and describing households.

Regular present-tense conjugations for everyday actions and routines.

Common irregular verbs in the present tense, including zijn, hebben, gaan, doen, komen, and weten.

Basic sentence structure, subject-verb order, yes-no questions, and question words.

Days, months, dates, clock time, schedules, frequency, and time expressions.

Negation with niet and geen, negative answers, and common negative expressions.

Food items, drinks, meals, menus, ordering, preferences, and flavors.

Singular and plural noun forms, common plural endings, and irregular plurals.

Describing people, places, and things with adjectives before and after nouns.

Colors, shapes, sizes, materials, and basic descriptive vocabulary.

Inversion after fronted words and phrases, time-first sentences, and question-like word order.

Rooms, furniture, household objects, chores, and describing living spaces.

Possessive adjectives and pronouns for ownership, relationships, and belonging.

Demonstratives such as deze, die, dit, and dat with de and het nouns.

Clothing, accessories, sizes, fit, colors, and describing outfits.

Separable verb patterns in main clauses, questions, commands, and everyday expressions.

Common prepositions of place, position, movement, and location.

Shops, products, prices, quantities, payment, returns, and customer requests.

Modal verbs including kunnen, moeten, mogen, willen, and zullen for ability, obligation, permission, intention, and prediction.

Object pronouns, direct and indirect objects, and pronoun placement in simple sentences.

Local travel, tickets, stations, vehicles, routes, delays, and public transportation situations.

Imperative forms for instructions, requests, invitations, warnings, and polite commands.

Weather conditions, seasons, temperatures, forecasts, and describing the natural environment.

Coordinating conjunctions such as en, maar, want, of, and dus in connected sentences.

Body parts, symptoms, pain, medication, appointments, and explaining health problems.

Reflexive verbs and pronouns for daily routines, emotions, and reciprocal actions.

Adverbs of manner, time, frequency, degree, and placement in common sentence patterns.

Hobbies, games, music preferences, leisure activities, and free-time plans.

Past participles, auxiliary choice with hebben and zijn, and completed actions.

Common irregular past participles, sound patterns, and high-frequency perfect-tense verbs.

Travel planning, accommodation, luggage, reservations, tourist services, and trip problems.

The simple past of regular verbs for narratives, descriptions, and past habits.

The simple past of common irregular verbs and strong verb patterns.

School subjects, classrooms, study habits, learning goals, and academic routines.

Subordinate clauses with omdat, dat, als, wanneer, terwijl, hoewel, and verb-final order.

Question formation with embedded questions, indirect questions, and polite information requests.

Emotions, moods, personality traits, reactions, and describing feelings accurately.

Prepositions of time, duration, deadlines, sequence, and recurring events.

Making, changing, confirming, and canceling appointments and reservations.

Comparison with comparative and superlative forms, equality, inequality, and intensifiers.

Diminutives with -je and related forms for size, affection, nuance, and common fixed words.

City places, public buildings, services, directions, addresses, and navigation.

The word er for location, existence, quantity, reference, and idiomatic patterns.

Prepositional adverbs such as erop, daarmee, waarover, and nergens aan.

Asking for help, making requests, offering assistance, and responding politely.

Future meaning with gaan, zullen, present-tense schedules, intentions, and predictions.

Conditional meaning with zou, hypothetical situations, advice, wishes, and polite proposals.

Daily problems, complaints, explanations, apologies, excuses, and practical solutions.

Relative clauses with die, dat, wie, wat, waar, and prepositional relative forms.

Pronouns such as iemand, niemand, iets, niets, alles, men, ieder, elk, and allemaal.

Nature, landscapes, animals, plants, environmental conditions, and outdoor activities.

Infinitive structures with te, om te, hoeven te, and modal-like verb combinations.

Verb clusters in main and subordinate clauses, auxiliary stacking, and final-position ordering.

Phone calls, voice messages, video calls, messaging language, and clarifying poor connections.

Main-clause and subordinate-clause placement of separable prefixes in complex sentences.

Particles such as eens, maar, toch, even, nou, hoor, hè, and wel for tone and nuance.

Agreement, disagreement, preferences, reasons, examples, and respectful discussion.

Passive voice with worden and zijn for actions, results, processes, and impersonal descriptions.

The continuous aspect with aan het, zitten te, staan te, liggen te, and lopen te.

Money, banking, bills, subscriptions, contracts, taxes, insurance, and everyday financial tasks.

Reported statements, reported questions, tense choices, pronoun shifts, and reporting verbs.

Causative and permissive structures with laten, doen, and related patterns.

Describing experiences, sequencing events, background information, and narrative transitions.

Formal and informal address with jij, u, jullie, first names, titles, and appropriate phrasing.

Common discourse markers for adding, contrasting, clarifying, summarizing, and changing topics.

Rules, permissions, prohibitions, procedures, warnings, and public instructions.

Adjective endings with de and het nouns, indefinite nouns, plurals, and fixed exceptions.

Nominalized adjectives and participles used as nouns, groups, qualities, and abstractions.

Technology devices, apps, settings, online accounts, troubleshooting, privacy, and digital habits.

Conjunction pairs and correlative structures such as zowel...als, of...of, noch...noch, and niet alleen...maar ook.

Cause, result, purpose, concession, condition, and contrast in multi-clause sentences.

Describing objects, functions, processes, repairs, measurements, and step-by-step operations.

Advanced preposition patterns with verbs, adjectives, nouns, and fixed combinations.

Common verb-noun, adjective-noun, and adverb-verb combinations for natural expression.

Certainty, doubt, probability, assumptions, evidence, and degrees of confidence.

Nuanced time relations with voordat, nadat, zodra, sinds, totdat, tijdens, gedurende, and intussen.

Complex noun phrases with multiple modifiers, quantifiers, possessives, and relative information.

Abstract nouns for ideas, systems, qualities, tendencies, causes, and social concepts.

Subtle contrasts between near-synonyms, register choices, connotations, and contextual appropriateness.

Concession and contrast with hoewel, ondanks, desondanks, echter, toch, daarentegen, and niettemin.

Hypothetical past situations, regret, alternative outcomes, and mixed conditional meanings.

Arguments, counterarguments, justification, concession, emphasis, and persuasive phrasing.

Hedging with misschien, wellicht, vermoedelijk, enigszins, naar mijn weten, and cautious formulations.

Impersonal expressions with het, er, men, passive forms, and generalized statements.

Idiomatic uses of common verbs such as doen, gaan, komen, krijgen, maken, nemen, vallen, and zitten.

Figurative expressions, fixed phrases, and idioms used in everyday and formal contexts.

Intensifiers, downtoners, emphasis markers, and expressive modifiers for fine-grained meaning.

Complex sentence architecture with multiple subordinate clauses, embedded clauses, and long-distance dependencies.

Nominalization with -ing, -heid, -te, -schap, -nis, -sel, and infinitive nouns.

Word formation through prefixes, suffixes, compounds, derivation, and productive vocabulary expansion.

Long Dutch compounds, meaning relations inside compounds, linking elements, and interpretation strategies.

Formal phrasing for applications, requests, objections, official forms, and administrative procedures.

Legal, medical, financial, technical, and institutional terms needed for adult life contexts.

Politeness strategies, indirectness, tact, disagreement softeners, and sensitive-topic phrasing.

Sarcasm, understatement, implication, humor, irony, and meaning beyond literal wording.

Conversational repair, clarification, reformulation, interruption, turn-taking, and topic management.

Stance markers for evaluation, attitude, commitment, distance, and perspective.

Advanced reference with dit, dat, het, deze, die, zulke, dergelijke, voorgaande, and laatstgenoemde.

Ellipsis, substitution, repeated-reference avoidance, and compact sentence linking.

Information structure with emphasis, contrast, fronting, cleft-like patterns, and focus placement.

Regional and informal variants, colloquial contractions, spoken particles, and standard-language alternatives.

Highly formal grammar, fixed official expressions, archaic remnants, and formulaic subjunctive forms.

Precision in definitions, classifications, distinctions, criteria, and technical explanations.

Synthesis of complex information, balanced comparison, nuanced conclusions, and dense explanatory language.

Subtle register shifts across casual, neutral, formal, official, intimate, and public communication.

Native-like fluency with idioms, collocations, particles, implicit meaning, complex grammar, and precise style choices.