Sinhala

Consonant modifiers, prenasalized letters, conjunct forms, and special symbols.

Word boundaries, standard spelling conventions, punctuation, and modern loanword forms.

Everyday greetings, farewells, polite expressions, and basic personal introductions.

Personal pronouns, respectful forms of address, and simple identity statements.

Basic subject–object–verb order, omitted subjects, and simple affirmative sentences.

Cardinal numbers, counting expressions, quantities, prices, and simple calculations.

Question words, yes–no questions with ද, and basic requests for information.

Near and distant demonstratives, location words, and references to people and objects.

Bare nouns, indefinite forms such as -ෙක් and -ක්, and context-based definiteness.

Immediate family, relatives, relationships, age, and descriptions of household members.

Spoken nonpast verb forms for habits, routines, facts, and current situations.

Common daily actions, schedules, personal care, and routine sequencing.

Days, months, clock time, dates, durations, and expressions such as අද, ඊයේ, and හෙට.

Singular and plural noun patterns, human and nonhuman distinctions, and irregular plurals.

Human, animal, object, and mass-noun counting with කෙනෙක්, දෙනෙක්, එකක්, and related forms.

Rooms, furniture, household objects, chores, and descriptions of living spaces.

Animate existence and location with ඉන්නවා and inanimate existence with තියෙනවා.

Possession with genitive forms, ළඟ, තියෙනවා, and personal relationships.

Common foods, drinks, ingredients, meals, flavors, and dietary preferences.

Ordering meals, asking about ingredients, making polite requests, and handling the bill.

Direct objects marked with -ව and the conditions under which object marking is omitted.

Recipients, destinations, experiencers, and purposes expressed with -ට.

Colors, size, shape, quality, age, and adjective placement before nouns.

Prices, quantities, sizes, products, payment, and exchanges in everyday shopping.

Direct commands, softened instructions, prohibitions, and polite request forms.

Places in town, spatial landmarks, route questions, and instructions for reaching a destination.

Vehicles, routes, tickets, schedules, fares, and common travel questions.

Spoken past forms for completed events, states, movement, and common irregular verbs.

Temperature, rain, wind, seasons, forecasts, and everyday comments about conditions.

Clothing, footwear, accessories, materials, fit, and personal appearance.

Actions in progress using verbal constructions with ඉන්නවා and related aspectual patterns.

Body parts, common symptoms, pain, basic treatment, and describing physical condition.

Sentence negation with නැහැ, nominal negation with නෙමෙයි, inability with බැහැ, and negative commands.

Sports, games, creative activities, exercise, and preferences for free-time activities.

Future reference through nonpast forms, time expressions, plans, predictions, and intentions.

Ability and possibility with පුළුවන්, inability with බැහැ, and related dative constructions.

Invitations, suggested activities, meeting arrangements, acceptance, and refusal.

Cardinal and ordinal forms for sequence, ranking, floors, dates, and numbered items.

Schools, subjects, classroom objects, study routines, and educational stages.

Knowledge, familiarity, memory, and mental states expressed through දන්නවා and related verbs.

Likes, dislikes, wants, needs, and preferences expressed through dative-subject patterns.

Emotions, moods, reactions, and common expressions for emotional states.

Adverbs of time, frequency, manner, place, and degree in their usual sentence positions.

Locations and relationships expressed with උඩ, යට, ළඟ, ඇතුළේ, පිට, ඉස්සරහ, and පස්සේ.

Genitive forms with -ගේ and -ේ for ownership, association, origin, and noun modification.

Sources, agents, separation, and interpersonal transfer expressed with -ගෙන්.

Means, instruments, routes, and methods expressed with -න්, තුළින්, and related constructions.

Companionship and association with එක්ක, සමඟ, and inclusive coordination.

Services, facilities, forms, identification details, queues, and routine administrative requests.

Sending parcels, receiving deliveries, addresses, banking transactions, and basic service inquiries.

Telephone openings, identifying callers, asking to speak to someone, messages, and call problems.

Devices, applications, internet access, settings, passwords, and everyday technical problems.

Natural features, plants, animals, landscapes, and descriptions of outdoor environments.

Pets, wildlife, animal behavior, habitats, and human interactions with animals.

Hotels, reservations, rooms, amenities, check-in, check-out, and reporting accommodation problems.

Tickets, luggage, documents, delays, arrivals, departures, and border procedures.

Common accidents, lost property, urgent requests, warnings, and contacting emergency services.

Comparisons with වඩා, equality patterns, superlative meanings, and intensified descriptions.

Higher and lower degree, excess, sufficiency, approximation, and limiting expressions.

Coordination with සහ, හා, ත්, ඒත්, නමුත්, and alternative expressions.

Reasons and results expressed with නිසා, හින්දා, ඒ නිසා, and related clause patterns.

Purpose expressed with infinitives, සඳහා, පිණිස, and everyday goal constructions.

Obligation, necessity, and expectation with ඕනෑ, යුතුයි, සිද්ධ වෙනවා, and related forms.

Permission, prohibition, authorization, and socially appropriate ways to ask for consent.

Suggestions and advice using හොඳයි, නම් හොඳයි, imperative forms, and modal expressions.

Infinitive forms in -න්න as complements of wanting, trying, beginning, and other verbs.

Verbal nouns in -ීම and other nominalized action forms used as subjects and objects.

Linked actions and completed sequences using -ලා and related conjunctive participles.

Simultaneous and ongoing actions expressed with -මින් and everyday spoken alternatives.

Relative participles such as කරන, කරපු, and කරනවා ඇති patterns modifying nouns without relative pronouns.

People, objects, places, times, and reasons described through embedded relative clauses.

Conditional meanings with නම්, -ොත්, උනොත්, and context-dependent hypothetical forms.

Concessive meanings with වුණත්, නමුත්, එහෙම වුණත්, and equivalent linking structures.

Realistic and hypothetical consequences, warnings, promises, and alternative outcomes.

Completed actions, present relevance, and experiential meanings expressed through aspect and context.

Repetition, continuation, completion, beginning, and cessation through auxiliary verb combinations.

Attempts, success, failure, and accidental outcomes with බලනවා, ගන්නවා, දානවා, and related auxiliaries.

Giving and receiving with දෙනවා, ගන්නවා, ලැබෙනවා, and participant-sensitive constructions.

Benefactive actions, favors, assistance, and actions performed for another person.

Reflexive meanings with තමන්, තමන්ම, and context-dependent interpretation of omitted arguments.

Reciprocal actions with එකිනෙකා, ඔවුනොවුන්, and plural verb constructions.

Indefinite people, things, places, and quantities with කවුරුහරි, මොනවාහරි, and related forms.

Negative and free-choice pronouns such as කවුරුවත්, මොනවත්, ඕනෑම, and කිසිම.

Emphasis and exclusivity with තමයි, -ම, විතරයි, and focused word order.

Additive and inclusive meanings with -ත්, පවා, තව, and context-sensitive combinations.

Topic framing, contrastive topics, omitted information, and natural ordering of known and new information.

Confirmation, shared assumptions, insistence, and softening with නේ, නේද, දන්නවනේ, and related particles.

Hearsay, reported information, surprise, and speaker distance with ලු and other evidential expressions.

Direct quotations, indirect statements, and complement clauses with කියලා and බව.

Indirect questions and embedded alternatives using ද කියලා, දැයි, and related formal patterns.

Thoughts, beliefs, certainty, doubt, realization, and inference expressed through complement clauses.

Requests, instructions, promises, warnings, and invitations reported from another speaker’s perspective.

Casual conversation, neutral polite language, respectful address, and formal public usage.

Core differences between colloquial verb forms, formal written morphology, vocabulary, and sentence structure.

Respectful pronouns, titles, plural honorifics, deferential requests, and elevated verb choices.

Common colloquial reductions, contractions, discourse markers, and naturally elliptical spoken sentences.

Formal noun forms, postpositions, conjunctions, and vocabulary used in official and expository contexts.

Present and general-time verb agreement in formal written Sinhala across person, number, and gender distinctions.

Past verb agreement and formal finite endings across person, number, and gender distinctions.

Formal future and predictive forms, including stylistic differences from ordinary spoken usage.

Formal negative verb morphology with නො-, නැත, නොවේ, and inflected negative patterns.

Formal commands, wishes, prohibitions, and elevated directive forms.

Agent suppression, patient focus, and passive meanings with -නු ලබනවා and related formal constructions.

Causative forms for making, having, allowing, or helping another participant perform an action.

Events occurring unintentionally, spontaneously, or beyond the subject’s control through involitive patterns.

Experiencer constructions for sensations, emotions, possession, necessity, and cognition.

Verbs requiring non-nominative participants and the semantic differences created by case selection.

Valency changes, omitted objects, added beneficiaries, and shifts between transitive and intransitive uses.

Predicates formed from nouns, adjectives, and borrowed elements with කරනවා and වෙනවා.

State changes, transformations, results, and becoming constructions with වෙනවා and කරනවා.

Location, existence, possession, availability, and presence across affirmative and negative contexts.

Certainty, probability, supposition, and deduction with ඇති, වෙන්න ඇති, වගේ, and related forms.

Possibility, feasibility, potential consequences, and formal equivalents such as හැකි and හැකියාව.

Wishes, hopes, regrets, unrealized intentions, and counterfactual desires.

Counterfactual past and present situations, missed possibilities, and imagined alternatives.

Whether-clauses, alternative conditions, uncertainty, and exhaustive choices.

Exact, approximate, excessive, insufficient, fractional, and proportional quantities.

Distributive expressions such as එක් එක්, බැගින්, හැමෝම, දෙක දෙක, and participant-by-participant meanings.

Collective, partitive, inclusive, and exclusive references to groups and subsets.

Sequences, intervals, deadlines, frequency, recurrence, and relationships between multiple events.

Anteriority, simultaneity, duration, and completion expressed through වෙලාවේ, කලින්, පස්සේ, අතරතුර, and තුරු.

Fine distinctions among place, path, source, destination, boundary, and spatial perspective.

Physical movement, direction, arrival, departure, crossing, carrying, and deictic motion distinctions.

Creating nouns, adjectives, verbs, and abstract terms through productive suffixes and compounding.

Native, Sanskrit-derived, Pali-derived, Tamil-derived, and English-derived vocabulary used across registers.

Adaptation of borrowed nouns and verbs to Sinhala case marking, pluralization, and complex predicates.

Common verb–noun, adjective–noun, and adverb–verb combinations that sound natural in Sinhala.

Fixed expressions, figurative phrases, and context-dependent meanings in everyday and formal usage.

Synonyms distinguished by intensity, register, emotional coloring, precision, and typical context.

Opposition, scalar contrasts, reversals, and context-sensitive antonym relationships.

Words with multiple related senses, homonymous forms, and interpretation through grammatical context.

Prefixes, suffixes, repetition, and expressive formations that intensify or reshape meaning.

Reduplicated forms for distribution, repetition, approximation, gradual change, and emphasis.

Sound-symbolic and manner expressions describing motion, impact, texture, intensity, and repeated action.

Descriptions of personality, behavior, values, habits, strengths, weaknesses, and interpersonal impressions.

Friendship, trust, conflict, reconciliation, boundaries, and changes in personal relationships.

Agreement, disagreement, partial acceptance, correction, objection, and tactful contradiction.

Statements of opinion, supporting reasons, qualifications, examples, and conclusions.

Claims, evidence, assumptions, counterarguments, rebuttals, and logically connected conclusions.

Directness, indirectness, face-saving, mitigation, and tact in requests, refusals, and criticism.

Apologies, explanations, responsibility, forgiveness, reassurance, and repair after misunderstandings.

Compliments, congratulations, sympathy, gratitude, encouragement, and appropriate responses.

Beginning, maintaining, redirecting, and ending conversations while managing turns naturally.

Clarification requests, confirmation checks, reformulation, correction, and recovery from communication problems.

Detailed accounts of events with participants, settings, chronology, turning points, and outcomes.

Background actions, foregrounded events, viewpoint shifts, and tense–aspect choices in extended accounts.

Anecdotes, suspense, surprise, evaluation, and punchline placement in informal storytelling.

Descriptions of processes, mechanisms, causes, stages, and outcomes in clear logical order.

Definitions, classifications, comparisons, examples, and distinctions used to explain abstract concepts.

Problems, constraints, alternatives, advantages, disadvantages, and proposed solutions.

Hypotheses, predictions, evidence-based conclusions, uncertainty, and revisions to prior assumptions.

Generalizations, exceptions, scope limitations, and cautious claims with appropriate qualifiers.

Speaker attitude, evaluation, confidence, emotional distance, and commitment to a proposition.

Neutral, approving, disapproving, skeptical, ironic, and emotionally charged lexical choices.

Humorous framing, playful exaggeration, understatement, irony, and recognition of nonliteral intent.

Metaphorical descriptions of time, emotion, movement, quantity, conflict, and social relations.

Coherent sequencing with reference chains, conjunctions, lexical repetition, substitution, and omission.

Addition, contrast, consequence, concession, exemplification, reformulation, and summary across extended discourse.

Paragraph-scale topic development, transitions, thematic progression, and controlled shifts of focus.

Concise reformulation of detailed information while preserving central claims, conditions, and qualifications.

Restating meaning through synonyms, structural changes, explanation, and register adjustment.

Dense noun phrases, nested modification, formal nominalizations, and compressed clause structure.

Multiple levels of subordination, clause embedding, long-distance dependencies, and controlled complex sentences.

Strategic movement, omission, repetition, and marked ordering used for contrast, suspense, and emphasis.

Reference across long stretches of discourse through pronouns, demonstratives, repetition, and inferred participants.

Logical scope of negation, quantifiers, modality, focus particles, and ambiguous combinations.

Subtle contrasts among completed, ongoing, habitual, repeated, attempted, and resultative events.

Fine distinctions among past, present, future, relative time, and viewpoint in complex discourse.

Formal conditions, exceptions, requirements, definitions, permissions, and obligations in public documents.

Public policy, community issues, rights, responsibilities, services, and civic decision-making vocabulary.

Measurement, observation, evidence, processes, change, correlation, and cautious technical claims.

Resources, consumption, conservation, pollution, climate impacts, and environmental proposals.

Health systems, prevention, diagnosis, treatment options, risk, and informed personal decisions.

Digital privacy, online security, automation, artificial intelligence, and social effects of technology.

Learning theories, educational access, assessment concepts, and discussion of teaching and study methods.

Identity, equality, inclusion, demographic change, and differing perspectives on social issues.

Ethical principles, competing values, responsibility, consequences, and reasoned moral judgments.

Abstract concepts involving existence, knowledge, causation, freedom, identity, and human experience.

Precise control of colloquial, neutral, formal, deferential, technical, and persuasive language according to context.

Deliberate emphasis, parallelism, repetition, contrast, rhetorical questions, and persuasive framing.

Implicit assumptions, presuppositions, conversational implications, indirect meanings, and context-based inference.

Vagueness, hedging, euphemism, understatement, strategic ambiguity, and deliberate noncommitment.

Subtle corrections, reframing, interruption management, disagreement softening, and collaborative meaning negotiation.

Natural selection among equivalent grammatical structures based on focus, rhythm, register, and communicative intent.

Precise, idiomatic, context-sensitive expression integrating complex grammar, vocabulary layers, and register distinctions.