Armenian

Personal pronouns, present-tense forms of “to be,” subject omission, and simple identity statements.

Definite suffixes, the indefinite marker, article placement, and basic noun phrases.

Cardinal numbers, zero, prices, telephone numbers, ages, and elementary calculations.

Three-way demonstratives, proximal and distant reference, and demonstrative pronouns and adjectives.

Regular present-tense formation, auxiliary placement, and common irregular verbs for everyday actions.

Immediate and extended family, relationships, marital status, ages, and describing relatives.

Adjective position, lack of gender agreement, descriptive forms, and common physical and personal qualities.

Yes-no questions, question words, intonation patterns, and asking for clarification or repetition.

Days, months, seasons, clock time, dates, schedules, frequency, and duration.

Possessive pronouns, genitive constructions, possessive suffixes, and expressing ownership and association.

Daily activities, habits, waking, meals, study, rest, and sequencing a routine.

Negative copula forms, negative auxiliary placement, negative answers, and present-tense negation.

Rooms, furniture, household objects, utilities, chores, and describing living arrangements.

Regular and irregular plural formation, plural meaning, and noun forms after numerals.

Food, drinks, ingredients, meals, flavors, dietary preferences, ordering, and paying at restaurants.

Nominative and accusative functions, direct objects, animacy-based object marking, and basic sentence roles.

Clothing, colors, sizes, prices, quantities, product questions, purchases, returns, and payment.

Genitive and dative forms, recipients, beneficiaries, possession, and verbs requiring indirect objects.

Common prepositions and postpositions for location, direction, accompaniment, purpose, and relation.

Locative case forms, places where events occur, and contrasts with directional constructions.

Places around town, landmarks, addresses, routes, distances, and asking for or giving directions.

Affirmative and negative commands, irregular imperatives, prohibitions, instructions, and invitations.

Polite requests, permission, offers, acceptance, refusal, and softening direct language.

Regular simple-past forms for completed actions and basic chronological narration.

Past activities, personal milestones, memorable events, and sequencing completed actions.

High-frequency irregular simple-past forms, stem changes, and unpredictable conjugation patterns.

Ongoing, repeated, and background past actions, including contrasts with completed events.

Weather conditions, temperatures, forecasts, seasonal changes, and environmental descriptions.

Future forms, predictions, promises, scheduled events, intentions, and future-time expressions.

Personal plans, arrangements, goals, invitations, cancellations, and rescheduling.

Ablative forms expressing origin, separation, movement away, cause, comparison, and material source.

Public and private transportation, tickets, routes, stations, delays, departures, and arrivals.

Instrumental forms expressing means, tools, accompaniment, manner, and transportation.

Body parts, physical appearance, movement, posture, and basic bodily sensations.

Symptoms, illnesses, injuries, medication, appointments, emergencies, and communicating with healthcare providers.

Ability, possibility, obligation, necessity, permission, and common modal constructions.

Comparative and superlative constructions, equality, inequality, intensifiers, and irregular comparisons.

Emotions, moods, reactions, preferences, fears, hopes, and degrees of emotional intensity.

Adverb formation, manner, frequency, degree, focus, and placement within the clause.

Sports, exercise, games, crafts, leisure activities, interests, and personal preferences.

Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns, self-directed actions, mutual actions, and emphatic self-reference.

Direct and indirect object pronouns, clitic-like forms, case selection, repetition, and reference tracking.

Present perfect forms for prior events with current relevance, life experience, and resulting states.

Travel, achievements, first-time experiences, personal changes, and asking about life experience.

Pluperfect forms for actions completed before another past reference point and counterfactual background.

Resultative, perfect, and imperfective participles used in compound tenses and noun modification.

Schools, subjects, courses, learning processes, qualifications, classroom interaction, and academic routines.

Clauses expressing time, sequence, cause, and explanation with common subordinating connectors.

Relative clauses with որ and related forms, antecedent reference, case relationships, and embedded description.

Telephone calls, voice messages, online contact, technical interruptions, and managing remote conversations.

Present and past conditional forms for probable, hypothetical, and unreal situations.

Real, predictive, hypothetical, and counterfactual conditions with appropriate tense and mood combinations.

Present and past subjunctive forms in wishes, dependent clauses, uncertainty, purpose, and contemplated actions.

Hopes, wishes, regrets, preferences, doubts, and emotionally evaluated possibilities.

Պետք է, պիտի, հարկավոր է, and related patterns for necessity, duty, expectation, and inference.

Recommendations, warnings, suggestions, reassurance, and responses to personal problems.

Passive verb formation, agent expression, passive-compatible verbs, and active-passive perspective shifts.

Causative verb formation and constructions expressing making, having, allowing, or helping someone act.

Post offices, banks, repairs, reservations, lost property, appointments, and requesting public services.

Indefinite, negative, universal, and free-choice pronouns and adverbs for people, things, places, and times.

Fractions, percentages, decimals, measurements, approximation, distribution, and collective quantities.

Imperfective, completed, habitual, inceptive, iterative, and resultative meanings across tense forms.

Coming, going, arriving, leaving, entering, exiting, carrying, and path-oriented verb distinctions.

Noun-verb and adjective-verb combinations functioning as single predicates, including light-verb patterns.

Infinitive and finite complements after verbs of desire, perception, knowledge, attempt, and decision.

Direct and indirect reporting, tense and pronoun shifts, reporting verbs, and hearsay attribution.

Quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing another person’s position, and distinguishing speaker viewpoints.

Neutral and marked word orders, topic-comment structure, focus placement, and subject or object emphasis.

Devices, software, internet access, social platforms, privacy, troubleshooting, and digital communication.

Landforms, plants, animals, natural processes, resources, conservation, and environmental conditions.

Friendship, trust, conflict, affection, boundaries, cooperation, and changing interpersonal relationships.

Informal, neutral, polite, and formal forms of address, vocabulary choice, and grammatical alternatives.

Forms, identification, applications, official requests, public notices, and interactions with administrative institutions.

Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions expressing addition, contrast, choice, cause, result, and sequence.

Mixed-time conditions, implied conditions, alternative conditions, and conditions with modal consequences.

Although, despite, even if, whereas, and related structures for contrast and unexpected outcomes.

Purpose, intended outcome, actual result, consequence, and prevention clauses across moods and tenses.

Reduced clauses built with participles and converbs for simultaneous, prior, causal, and manner relationships.

Turning verbs and adjectives into nouns for actions, states, qualities, agents, and abstract concepts.

Perfect forms, particles, and lexical choices marking witnessed events, inference, hearsay, and unexpected discovery.

Certainty, probability, possibility, doubt, approximation, inference, and degrees of personal commitment.

Verbs, adjectives, nouns, and postpositions governing specific cases, including competing case patterns.

Agent, action, quality, location, instrument, and abstract noun formation through productive suffixes.

Productive adjective, adverb, and verb formation through prefixes, suffixes, and category-changing patterns.

Compound nouns and adjectives, linking patterns, semantic relationships, and conventional compound meanings.

Conventional verb-noun, adjective-noun, adverb-verb, and case-based word combinations.

Common figurative expressions, fixed phrases, conversational formulas, and their literal and pragmatic meanings.

Near-synonyms distinguished by intensity, formality, emotional coloring, frequency, and contextual constraints.

Opposition, scalar meaning, gradable contrasts, reversals, and precise expression of intermediate degrees.

Ideas, values, identity, change, responsibility, fairness, knowledge, and other nonconcrete concepts.

Stating claims, giving reasons, presenting evidence, drawing conclusions, and organizing complex positions.

Agreement, partial agreement, objections, rebuttals, qualification, and respectful challenges to another position.

Proposals, alternatives, compromise, persuasion, concessions, and reaching mutually acceptable decisions.

Orientation, chronological control, flashbacks, turning points, suspense, resolution, and evaluation in personal accounts.

Precise descriptions of appearance, movement, atmosphere, texture, sound, taste, and spatial arrangement.

Conversation openings and closings, turn-taking, interruptions, hesitation, self-correction, and topic changes.

Apologies, explanations, complaints, blame avoidance, reconciliation, and de-escalating tense interactions.

Directness, deference, social distance, mitigation, indirect requests, and face-saving expressions.

Understatement, overstatement, sarcasm, verbal irony, playful ambiguity, and recognizing nonliteral intent.

Sensitive subjects, neutral alternatives, euphemisms, dysphemisms, and controlling emotional impact.

Rights, duties, public institutions, community concerns, policy choices, and participation in public life.

Rules, permissions, prohibitions, complaints, disputes, responsibility, and everyday legal terminology.

Scientific processes, hypotheses, evidence, cause and effect, classification, and technical explanation for general audiences.

Sustainability, pollution, energy, climate, biodiversity, risk, and evaluating environmental responses.

Diagnosis, treatment, prevention, recovery, mental well-being, risk communication, and informed healthcare choices.

Shapes, dimensions, orientation, boundaries, trajectories, proximity, and fine distinctions in spatial relations.

Simultaneity, precedence, deadlines, intervals, recurrence, gradual change, and fine distinctions in temporal relations.

Statistics, trends, proportions, ranges, comparisons, uncertainty, and verbal interpretation of numerical information.

Pronoun reference, demonstrative reference, lexical repetition, substitution, and maintaining clarity across long discourse.

Omission of recoverable elements, substitution patterns, short responses, and avoiding unnecessary repetition.

Connectors for sequencing, reformulation, exemplification, contrast, concession, consequence, and conclusion.

Multiple subordinate clauses, coordination-subordination balance, dependency control, and avoiding structural ambiguity.

Placement and interaction of copular forms, particles, pronouns, focus elements, and other unstressed grammatical items.

Fronting, postponement, inversion, cleft-like structures, and repetition for contrast or rhetorical emphasis.

Multiple negation, negative concord, constituent negation, scope ambiguity, and emphatic negative constructions.

Lexicalized predicate combinations, aspectual auxiliaries, serial meanings, and idiomatic argument structures.

Parallel structures, balanced clauses, repetition, escalation, and contrastive patterns for rhetorical force.

Conventional metaphors, abstract mappings, personification, metonymy, and interpreting layered figurative meaning.

Lexical, grammatical, and referential ambiguity, with strategies for deliberate precision or subtle double meaning.

Condensing, expanding, simplifying, qualifying, and restating the same content without changing its core meaning.

Highly compressed expressions, economical clause structure, and balancing brevity with explicitness.

Layered qualification, parenthetical detail, exceptions, reservations, and controlled elaboration of complex ideas.

Armenian punctuation marks, quotation conventions, abbreviation patterns, capitalization, and distinctions from English usage.

Reformed and traditional spelling correspondences, variant letter sequences, and recognition across modern orthographic standards.

Systematic differences between standard Eastern and Western Armenian in sound correspondences, inflection, syntax, and core vocabulary.

Regional and social variants, colloquial reductions, nonstandard forms, and choosing forms appropriate to context.

Formal-to-informal transformation, conversational-to-neutral reformulation, and consistent control of tone and social distance.

Rare case usages, fossilized forms, elevated connectors, compact participial patterns, and highly formal grammatical alternatives.

Low-frequency words, fine semantic distinctions, lexical constraints, and context-sensitive selection among competing expressions.

Implicit assumptions, presupposition, implicature, indirect criticism, strategic vagueness, and meaning inferred from context.

Tracking multiple viewpoints, separating fact from interpretation, and maintaining coherent stance across extended discussion.

Natural fillers, response particles, stance markers, approximators, intensifiers, and idiomatic conversational rhythm.

Flexible integration of complex grammar, precise vocabulary, idiomatic phrasing, register, and implied meaning across demanding contexts.