Vietnamese

Numbers, counting, prices, ages, phone numbers, and common quantity expressions.

Using là, có, and ở for identity, possession, existence, and location.

Common classroom objects, household items, personal belongings, and naming things around you.

Yes–no questions, question particles, simple answers, and confirmation expressions.

Wh-words in Vietnamese, question word placement, and asking about people, things, places, time, reasons, and manner.

The Vietnamese classifier system with common classifiers for people, animals, objects, books, vehicles, food, and abstract items.

This, that, here, there, these, those, and demonstrative phrases with classifiers and nouns.

Family members, relatives, household relationships, age differences, and family descriptions.

Possession with của, possessive noun phrases, omission of của, and ownership expressions.

Days, months, dates, clock time, schedules, frequency, and time expressions for daily use.

Common actions, routines, habits, and present-time statements without tense inflection.

Negation with không, chưa, chẳng, đừng, and negative answers in common contexts.

Personal routines, morning and evening activities, chores, and describing regular habits.

Adjectives as predicates, descriptive word order, intensifiers, and simple descriptions of people and things.

Colors, shapes, sizes, materials, and physical qualities for describing objects and spaces.

Adverbs of frequency, degree, manner, and time placement in Vietnamese sentences.

Food items, drinks, meals, flavors, restaurant phrases, ordering, paying, and dietary preferences.

Requests with cho, làm ơn, xin, vui lòng, and polite ways to ask for help or items.

Common verbs of motion, đi, đến, về, ra, vào, lên, xuống, qua, and directional expressions.

Places in town, addresses, landmarks, asking for locations, and describing where places are.

Location words, spatial relations, and phrases such as in, on, under, behind, beside, between, and opposite.

Streets, directions, public transportation, tickets, routes, and navigating unfamiliar places.

Present progressive meaning with đang, current actions, temporary situations, and ongoing events.

Completed actions with đã, rồi, xong, and expressing whether something has happened.

Future meaning with sẽ, sắp, định, and time expressions for plans and predictions.

Clothing items, sizes, colors, shopping phrases, trying things on, bargaining, and returns.

Currency, payment methods, discounts, quantities, units, and comparing prices.

Common hobbies, free-time activities, likes, dislikes, preferences, and invitations.

Verbs and expressions for liking, wanting, needing, preferring, and choosing.

Ability, possibility, permission, and successful completion with được, có thể, and biết.

Obligation, necessity, prohibition, and advice with phải, cần, nên, không được, and đừng.

Body parts, symptoms, common illnesses, pain descriptions, medicine, appointments, and seeking help.

Weather conditions, temperature, seasons, natural surroundings, and describing outdoor conditions.

Comparisons with hơn, bằng, kém, nhất, càng, and structures for equality, superiority, and degree.

Superlatives, ranking, extremes, and emphasizing the best, worst, biggest, smallest, and most important.

Common connectors for and, but, or, because, so, although, if, when, and while.

Simple coordination, clause linking, sentence expansion, and avoiding ambiguity in connected ideas.

Personal history, childhood, past routines, previous experiences, and life events.

Recently completed actions with mới, vừa, vừa mới, mới đây, and contrasts with đã and rồi.

Actions before and after other events with trước khi, sau khi, rồi, xong rồi, and khi.

Personal stories, chronological order, background details, reactions, and narrative transitions.

Home rooms, furniture, appliances, renting, repairs, utilities, and describing living spaces.

Daily tools, appliances, devices, household problems, and instructions for use.

School subjects, study routines, learning materials, degrees, classroom interactions, and academic schedules.

Occupations, workplaces, daily responsibilities, schedules, and describing what people do.

Calls, messages, contact information, making appointments, changing plans, and confirming details.

Invitations, accepting, refusing, suggesting alternatives, and arranging social plans.

Feelings, moods, emotional reactions, personality traits, and describing relationships.

Reasons, causes, motivations, and explanations with vì, bởi vì, tại, do, nên, and cho nên.

Purpose clauses with để, cho, nhằm, and expressions for goals, intentions, and intended results.

Conditional sentences with nếu, thì, miễn là, trừ khi, giả sử, and hypothetical situations.

Contrast and concession with nhưng, tuy, mặc dù, dù, dẫu, thế mà, and tuy nhiên.

Result and consequence with nên, vì vậy, do đó, thành ra, khiến, and làm cho.

Commands, warnings, prohibitions, encouragement, and softened imperatives with đi, nhé, nha, nào.

Suggestions with hay là, thử, nên, mình, chúng ta, and phrasing collaborative decisions.

Agreement, disagreement, partial agreement, doubt, and polite correction in conversations.

Opinions, preferences, evaluations, uncertainty, and supporting a viewpoint with reasons.

Sentence-final particles such as à, ạ, nhé, nha, nhỉ, chứ, cơ, mà, đấy, đâu, thôi, and rồi.

Politeness levels, softening strategies, indirect requests, respectful disagreement, and socially appropriate phrasing.

Topic-comment structure, fronting information, and organizing sentences around known and new information.

Emphasis with chính, ngay, cả, cũng, đều, mới, đã, lại, vẫn, cứ, and word order choices.

Common measure words, containers, portions, units, pairs, sets, and quantity phrases.

Indefinite and universal expressions with ai, gì, đâu, nào, mỗi, mọi, tất cả, bất cứ, and không ai.

Relative meanings with mà, người mà, cái mà, nơi mà, lúc mà, and reduced relative structures.

Noun phrase expansion with classifiers, modifiers, possession, demonstratives, quantities, and relative clauses.

Verb chains, serial verb constructions, motion-purpose sequences, and multi-action predicates.

Directional complements after verbs, movement meanings, result meanings, and figurative uses of ra, vào, lên, xuống, đi, lại.

Resultative meanings with được, ra, thấy, mất, hết, xong, and expressions of outcome.

Passive and affected meanings with bị, được, phải, and choosing between neutral, positive, and negative framing.

Causative patterns with cho, làm, khiến, để, bắt, nhờ, and expressions of causing, allowing, asking, and making.

Reported statements, reported questions, quoted speech, and changes in pronouns, particles, and time expressions.

Common animal names, plants, landscapes, environmental conditions, and describing natural processes.

Sports, games, exercise, competitions, scores, rules, and describing physical activities.

Travel lodging, reservations, schedules, tickets, delays, complaints, and solving travel problems.

Public services, forms, personal information, rules, notices, and administrative interactions.

Technology devices, apps, online accounts, digital actions, troubleshooting, and internet communication.

Social interaction online, comments, reactions, privacy, sharing, and informal digital expressions.

Cooking actions, ingredients, recipes, measurements, preparation steps, and describing textures and flavors.

Crime, safety warnings, emergencies, reporting incidents, and describing accidents or dangerous situations.

Banking, bills, savings, debt, insurance, and everyday financial transactions.

Legal and administrative terms for rights, duties, contracts, applications, regulations, and official procedures.

Shapes of arguments, claims, evidence, counterarguments, assumptions, and logical relationships.

Abstract nouns, qualities, states, processes, values, and conceptual descriptions.

Formal nouns, verbs, connectors, nominalizations, and dense sentence structures used in formal explanation.

Informal speech, colloquial reductions, everyday fillers, teasing, friendly exaggeration, and casual reactions.

Regional vocabulary differences, common northern, central, and southern variants, and widely understood alternatives.

Synonyms, near-synonyms, antonyms, collocations, and choosing precise words by context.

Common verb-object, adjective-noun, and adverb-verb pairings for natural Vietnamese phrasing.

Vietnamese compound words, word formation patterns, reduplication, sound symbolism, and meaning nuance.

Reduplicated adjectives, verbs, adverbs, expressive nuance, approximation, attenuation, and intensification.

Sino-Vietnamese roots, formal compounds, everyday equivalents, and recognizing meaning through common morphemes.

Idioms, fixed expressions, proverbs used in conversation, and figurative meanings in everyday contexts.

Advanced time relations, simultaneity, anteriority, duration, deadlines, recurrence, and temporal framing.

Nuanced aspect with đã, đang, sẽ, rồi, chưa, từng, vừa, mới, còn, vẫn, cứ, and combinations of aspect markers.

Modality for probability, certainty, obligation, advisability, willingness, intention, and inference.

Degrees of certainty with chắc, chắc chắn, có lẽ, hình như, dường như, e rằng, and nghe nói.

Hedging, approximation, indirectness, and cautious claims with khoảng, chừng, tầm, có vẻ, phần nào, and hầu như.

Complex conditionals, counterfactual meanings, hypothetical reasoning, and alternative outcomes.

Cause-effect chains, multi-clause explanations, qualifications, and nuanced causal framing.

Concession, limitation, exception, qualification, and balancing opposing ideas in extended speech.

Nominalization with việc, sự, cái, điều, nỗi, niềm, tính, and turning actions or qualities into concepts.

Complex clauses with embedded questions, complement clauses, purpose clauses, result clauses, and relative clauses.

Information structure across longer turns, topic continuity, reference tracking, and cohesive transitions.

Connectors for sequencing, adding, contrasting, exemplifying, summarizing, reformulating, and drawing conclusions.

Expressions for clarifying, rephrasing, correcting misunderstandings, checking assumptions, and repairing conversation.

Turn-taking, interruptions, backchannels, topic shifts, and maintaining natural conversation flow.

Humor, irony, understatement, overstatement, sarcasm signals, and playful language.

Compliments, gratitude, apologies, sympathy, congratulations, encouragement, and socially sensitive responses.

Sensitive topics, disagreement under tension, refusal, criticism, complaints, and conflict de-escalation.

Formal requests, applications, explanations, complaints, and respectful phrasing in official contexts.

Summaries, definitions, classifications, comparisons, and structured explanations of complex topics.

Persuasive phrasing, recommendations, evaluations, priorities, trade-offs, and calls to action.

Debate language for challenging claims, conceding points, rebutting arguments, and refining positions.

Scientific and technical vocabulary for processes, systems, data, measurement, causes, and evidence.

Health systems, treatment options, medical instructions, risk, prevention, and describing complex conditions.

Environment, climate, sustainability, resources, pollution, conservation, and policy-related vocabulary.

Economy, markets, income, prices, growth, inequality, budgets, and financial trends.

Government, elections, public policy, social institutions, rights, responsibilities, and civic participation.

Ethics, responsibility, fairness, freedom, privacy, justice, and moral reasoning.

Psychology, behavior, motivation, memory, habits, identity, and interpersonal dynamics.

Philosophical and abstract discussion of knowledge, truth, belief, existence, meaning, and perspective.

Precise description of processes, systems, mechanisms, trends, patterns, exceptions, and edge cases.

Dense formal sentences, parallel structures, subordinate clauses, and concise expression of complex relationships.

Register shifting between intimate, casual, neutral, respectful, formal, and official Vietnamese.

High-frequency informal idioms, expressive particles, slang-like phrases, and limits of appropriate use.

Formal idioms, elevated expressions, set phrases, and concise formulations for sophisticated communication.

Metaphor, figurative comparison, symbolic language, and interpreting nonliteral meaning in context.

Ambiguity, implication, presupposition, subtext, and meanings left unstated.

Stylistic choices for clarity, concision, rhythm, emphasis, tone, and naturalness across contexts.

Paraphrasing complex ideas with different levels of formality, detail, simplicity, and emotional force.

Advanced repair of unnatural phrasing, redundancy, word choice errors, register mismatches, and structural awkwardness.

Native-like command of particles, address terms, idioms, register, implication, and nuanced word choice in complex interaction.