Letter forms, names, and right-to-left direction in the Persian writing system.
Follow Persian letters and words from right to left, and identify where a line begins and ends.
Recognize the isolated, initial, medial, and final forms of ب. Use these forms to see how neighboring letters join along the baseline.
Recognize and name ا, آ, and و in their contextual forms. Use their shared rule: they connect to a letter on the right but not to one on the left.
Recognize and name ب, پ, ت, and ث in all four contextual forms. Distinguish the letters by the number and position of their dots.
Recognize and name ج, چ, ح, and خ in isolated and joined forms. Distinguish their shared shape by dots above, below, or absent.
Recognize and name د and ذ in isolated and final forms. Distinguish the pair by the dot and apply their left-side connection break.
Recognize and name ر, ز, and ژ in isolated and final forms. Distinguish their dot patterns and apply their left-side connection break.
Recognize and name س and ش in all contextual forms. Distinguish the undotted and three-dot versions.
Recognize and name ص and ض in isolated, initial, medial, and final forms. Use the dot above to distinguish ض from ص.
Recognize and name ط and ظ in all contextual forms. Distinguish the two letters by the dot above ظ.
Recognize and name ع and غ in their distinctive isolated and joined forms. Use the dot above to distinguish غ from ع.
Recognize and name ف and ق in all four contextual forms. Compare their dot patterns and their different isolated and final shapes.
Recognize and name the Persian forms of ک and گ in every letter position. Distinguish گ by its added stroke.
Recognize and name ل in isolated, initial, medial, and final positions. Identify its tall stroke when it joins other letters.
Recognize and name م in all four contextual positions. Distinguish its rounded isolated, final, and connected shapes.
Recognize and name ن and ی in isolated and joined forms. Compare their similar connected bodies, dot patterns, and distinct final shapes.
Recognize and name ه in its isolated, initial, medial, and final forms. Distinguish its several common joined shapes.
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