Recognize printed К, П, С, Т, Ф, and Х in uppercase and lowercase. Distinguish Cyrillic lookalikes such as С, Т, and Х from English letter values.

Recognize printed Л, М, Н, Р, and Й in uppercase and lowercase. Match each letter to its common sound in Russian words.

Recognize printed Ц, Ч, Ш, and Щ in uppercase and lowercase. Distinguish the hushing and affricate letters by shape and sound.

Recognize printed Ь and Ъ in uppercase and lowercase. Identify them as signs that affect nearby sounds rather than letters with their own vowel or consonant sound.

Recognize cursive А, О, У, Ы, and Э in uppercase and lowercase. Match each cursive form to its printed hard-vowel letter.

Recognize cursive Е, Ё, И, Ю, and Я in uppercase and lowercase. Match each cursive form to its printed soft-vowel letter.

Recognize cursive Б, В, Г, Д, Ж, and З in uppercase and lowercase. Compare the cursive forms with their printed letters, especially the shapes that change strongly.

Recognize cursive К, П, С, Т, Ф, and Х in uppercase and lowercase. Distinguish common cursive lookalikes such as п, т, and Latin-style letters.

Recognize cursive Л, М, Н, Р, Й, Ь, and Ъ in uppercase and lowercase. Match these cursive forms to their printed letters and signs.

Recognize cursive Ц, Ч, Ш, and Щ in uppercase and lowercase. Use tails and extra strokes to tell these similar-looking cursive letters apart.

Choose the hard or soft reading of a consonant from the following vowel or sign. Compare pairs like ма/мя, ту/тю, and сын/син.

Read Е, Ё, Ю, and Я as ye, yo, yu, and ya at the start of a word, after a vowel, or after Ь and Ъ. Read them as softening vowels after a consonant.

Use Ь to mark a soft consonant or separate a consonant from Е, Ё, Ю, Я, and И. Use Ъ mainly as a hard separator before Е, Ё, Ю, and Я.

Recognize that Russian stress is usually not written in normal text. Read unstressed О closer to А and notice common reduction in unstressed Е and Я.

Compare voiced and voiceless consonant pairs such as Б/П, В/Ф, Г/К, Д/Т, Ж/Ш, and З/С. Read many voiced consonants as voiceless at the end of a word or before a voiceless consonant.

Spell and read the fixed combinations ЖИ, ШИ, ЧА, ЩА, ЧУ, and ЩУ. Choose И, А, or У in these combinations even when the sound might suggest a different vowel.

Apply the spelling pattern after Г, К, and Х in common endings and forms. Choose И instead of Ы after these letters, and notice where А or У replaces Я or Ю.

Read Й after vowels in combinations like ай, ой, ей, ий, ый, and уй. Distinguish Й from И when it forms a short y-like ending sound.

Recognize high-frequency spellings whose pronunciation is not fully letter-by-letter. Read common patterns like что, чтобы, -ого/-его, and -тся/-ться with their usual Russian sounds.

Review this chapter with practice based on your mistakes.