Gurmukhi letters, vowel carriers, independent vowels, consonants, and core symbol combinations.
Recognize the names and sounds of ੳ, ਅ, ੲ, ਸ, and ਹ, distinguishing the three vowel carriers from the consonants ਸ and ਹ.
Recognize and pronounce the velar row ਕ, ਖ, ਗ, ਘ, and ਙ, including its aspirated and tone-bearing letters.
Recognize and pronounce the palatal row ਚ, ਛ, ਜ, ਝ, and ਞ, including its aspirated and tone-bearing letters.
Recognize and pronounce the retroflex row ਟ, ਠ, ਡ, ਢ, and ਣ with the tongue curled back.
Recognize and pronounce the dental row ਤ, ਥ, ਦ, ਧ, and ਨ with the tongue near the upper teeth.
Recognize and pronounce the labial row ਪ, ਫ, ਬ, ਭ, and ਮ, including its aspirated and tone-bearing letters.
Recognize and pronounce ਯ, ਰ, ਲ, ਵ, and ੜ, distinguishing ਰ from the retroflex flap ੜ.
Recognize the dotted consonants ਸ਼, ਖ਼, ਗ਼, ਜ਼, ਫ਼, and ਲ਼ and connect them with sounds used in borrowed and modern Punjabi words.
Recognize the independent vowels ਅ, ਆ, ਐ, and ਔ built with the ਅ carrier.
Recognize the independent vowels ਇ, ਈ, and ਏ built with the ੲ carrier.
Recognize the independent vowels ਉ, ਊ, and ਓ built with the ੳ carrier.
Read consonants with the unmarked vowel and with ਕੰਨਾ ਾ, contrasting forms such as ਕ and ਕਾ.
Place and read ਸਿਹਾਰੀ ਿ and ਬਿਹਾਰੀ ੀ, noting that ਿ is written before its consonant but pronounced after it.
Place and read ਔਂਕੜ ੁ and ਦੁਲੈਂਕੜ ੂ beneath consonants, contrasting forms such as ਕੁ and ਕੂ.
Place and read ਲਾਂਵਾਂ ੇ and ਦੁਲਾਂਵਾਂ ੈ above consonants, contrasting forms such as ਕੇ and ਕੈ.
Place and read ਹੋੜਾ ੋ and ਕਨੌੜਾ ੌ around consonants, contrasting forms such as ਕੋ and ਕੌ.
Recognize ਬਿੰਦੀ ਂ and ਟਿੱਪੀ ੰ as nasalization marks and choose the form used with common vowel patterns.
Recognize ਅੱਧਕ ੱ and read it as a signal that the following consonant is doubled, as in ਪੱਕਾ.
Recognize common subjoined forms of ਰ, ਹ, and ਵ in consonant clusters such as ਪ੍ਰ, ਨ੍ਹ, and ਸ੍ਵ.
Review this chapter with practice based on your mistakes.
