Sketch a moving object’s path and distinguish position, distance traveled, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. Read simple position-time and speed-time graphs to tell when motion is steady, speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction.

Draw force arrows for familiar flight roles such as thrust, weight, lift, and drag, then use Newton’s laws to predict whether motion changes. Reason from net force, mass, inertia, and action-reaction pairs without needing detailed equations.

Use impulse and momentum to reason about short pushes, turns, launches, and stops. Compare a small force acting for a long time with a large force acting briefly, using safe examples like balls, carts, and air puffs.

Apply the previous explanations in a guided problem.

Follow energy as it changes form during flight: chemical or stored energy, kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, sound, and thermal energy. Use work and power to describe how forces transfer energy over distance and over time.

Treat pressure as force spread over area, then connect pressure differences to pushes on surfaces and loads on a vehicle. Recognize static pressure, dynamic pressure, and why the same force can matter differently when spread over a small or large area.

Apply the previous explanations in a guided problem.

Check your understanding with a short quiz.

Separate temperature, heat, thermal energy, and heating rate so flight heating claims are easier to interpret. Trace how conduction, convection, radiation, friction-like losses, and compression can move or generate thermal energy in simple examples.

Represent uncertainty with ranges, error bars, significant digits, and model assumptions instead of pretending measurements are exact. Judge whether a sketch, graph, or estimate is precise enough for a conceptual flight claim.

Apply the previous explanations in a guided problem.

Check your understanding with a short quiz.

Review this chapter with practice based on your mistakes.