Recognize and read the velar consonants क, ख, ग, घ, and ङ. Compare plain, aspirated, and voiced sounds in the ka-row.

Recognize and read the palatal consonants च, छ, ज, झ, and ञ. Compare the cha-row letters by sound and shape.

Recognize and read the retroflex consonants ट, ठ, ड, ढ, and ण. Distinguish these letters from similar dental letters by shape and sound.

Recognize and read the dental consonants त, थ, द, ध, and न. Compare the ta-row letters and their aspirated or voiced partners.

Recognize and read the labial consonants प, फ, ब, भ, and म. Match each pa-row letter to its sound in simple Hindi syllables.

Recognize and read the consonants य, र, ल, and व. Distinguish the common glide and liquid sounds used in many Hindi words.

Recognize and read श, ष, स, and ह. Compare the three s-like letters and the h sound in written Hindi.

Recognize common nukta consonants क़, ख़, ग़, ज़, फ़, ड़, and ढ़. Distinguish dotted letters from their base consonants in Hindi words.

Use the built-in अ sound that comes with most consonant letters. Read क, त, म, and similar letters as ka, ta, ma unless another mark changes them.

Compare unvoiced, aspirated, voiced, and voiced aspirated consonants within Devanagari rows. Choose the correct letter when a puff of air or voicing changes the sound.

Recognize the halant mark ् and use it to remove the inherent अ from a consonant. Read forms like क्, त्, and म् as consonant-only sounds.

Build simple Devanagari syllables from independent vowels and consonants with inherent अ. Distinguish vowel-only syllables like आ from consonant syllables like क and न.

Review this chapter with practice based on your mistakes.