Use anatomical position, left/right, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superior/inferior, and superficial/deep to describe where body parts are without ambiguity.

Trace the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton, then connect key bones such as the spine, ribs, pelvis, femur, tibia, humerus, radius, and ulna to support, protection, leverage, and muscle attachment during exercise.

Apply the previous explanations in a guided problem.

Compare major joint types and the tissues around them, including cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and synovial fluid. Reason through why the shoulder, hip, knee, ankle, elbow, and spine differ in mobility, stability, and injury risk.

Match movements to the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes and their axes. Use common terms such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, pronation, and supination to describe exercise motion.

Apply the previous explanations in a guided problem.

Check your understanding with a short quiz.

Identify the major muscle groups used in common exercise, including the glutes, quadriceps, hamstrings, calves, abdominals, spinal erectors, pectorals, latissimus dorsi, deltoids, rotator cuff, biceps, triceps, and trapezius. Describe muscles as agonists, antagonists, synergists, or stabilizers in a movement.

Place the heart, blood vessels, lungs, diaphragm, brain, spinal cord, nerves, endocrine glands, skin, liver, and kidneys on the exercise body map. Recognize which organs are mainly moving air, moving blood, coordinating motion, regulating signals, cooling the body, or helping maintain internal conditions during activity.

Apply the previous explanations in a guided problem.

Check your understanding with a short quiz.

Review this chapter with practice based on your mistakes.