Reason from a single 0/1 choice to larger patterns, bytes, and data sizes. Convert small values between binary, decimal, and hexadecimal so raw data stops looking mysterious.

Trace how whole numbers and decimals are stored differently. Compare unsigned integers, two’s complement signed integers, and IEEE 754 floating-point values to see where range limits, overflow, and rounding errors come from.

Apply the previous explanations in a guided problem.

Decode text by matching bytes to characters. Use ASCII, Unicode, and UTF-8 to explain why the same text can take different byte counts and why mojibake happens when software guesses the wrong encoding.

Build a raster image from pixels, RGB color values, resolution, and bit depth. Predict how changing image size or color depth changes storage needs, and distinguish bitmap images from vector drawings.

Apply the previous explanations in a guided problem.

Check your understanding with a short quiz.

Trace sound from a changing air pressure wave into digital samples. Use sample rate, bit depth, duration, and channels to estimate audio size and recognize why CD-quality audio, WAV, and MP3 differ.

Read a file as a sequence of bytes plus rules for interpreting them. Compare file extensions, magic numbers, headers, metadata, and formats such as TXT, PNG, JPEG, GIF, PDF, WAV, and MP3.

Apply the previous explanations in a guided problem.

Compare compression that preserves every bit with compression that throws away less noticeable detail. Decide when lossless formats like PNG or ZIP fit better than lossy formats like JPEG or MP3.

Use bits vs bytes, decimal prefixes like KB/MB/GB, and binary prefixes like KiB/MiB/GiB to interpret file sizes and device capacity. Spot common mistakes in storage, downloads, and data-rate descriptions.

Apply the previous explanations in a guided problem.

Check your understanding with a short quiz.

Review this chapter with practice based on your mistakes.