Personal pronouns, simple identity statements, names, origins, and basic self-description.

Common classroom and course expressions, clarification requests, repetition requests, and simple learning-related commands.

Cardinal numbers, counting objects, phone numbers, prices, ages, and simple quantities.

Masculine and feminine noun patterns, singular and plural forms, and common noun classes.

Demonstratives for near and far objects, basic noun phrases, and pointing things out.

Everyday objects, personal belongings, simple descriptions, and asking what something is.

Basic adjectives, gender and number agreement, colors, size, shape, and simple qualities.

Subject markers on verbs, simple present-time meanings, and common everyday actions.

Core verbs for being, existing, having, needing, and basic possession expressions.

Family members, relationships, marital status, ages, and simple family descriptions.

Possessive suffixes, possession with nouns, and expressions for ownership and belonging.

Question words for who, what, where, when, why, how, how much, and which.

Yes-no questions, question particles, rising intonation patterns, and short answers.

Simple negation with verbs, nouns, adjectives, and common negative responses.

Days, months, seasons, dates, clock time, frequency words, and time expressions.

Daily routines, habitual actions, morning and evening activities, and sequencing words.

The imperfective form for ongoing, repeated, and habitual actions with regular and common irregular verbs.

Food items, meals, drinks, ingredients, flavors, hunger, thirst, and food preferences.

Restaurant phrases, ordering meals, asking for items, paying, and describing dishes.

Commands, prohibitions, invitations, and polite instructions in singular and plural forms.

Home rooms, furniture, household objects, chores, and describing living spaces.

Location expressions, place adverbs, and describing where people and objects are.

Core prepositions, movement with prepositions, possession-related prepositions, and prepositional phrases.

The construct state after prepositions, numerals, possessive structures, and noun-linking expressions.

City places, village places, buildings, services, streets, and common public locations.

Asking for and giving directions, routes, landmarks, distance, and navigation phrases.

Transportation vocabulary, tickets, routes, departures, arrivals, and getting around by vehicle or on foot.

The aorist form after particles, in commands, and in dependent verb structures.

Future meanings with particles, planned actions, predictions, intentions, and scheduled events.

Shopping vocabulary, prices, bargaining, sizes, quantities, payment, and choosing items.

Clothing, accessories, materials, fit, colors, and describing what people wear.

Body parts, physical description, basic symptoms, pain, injuries, and simple health needs.

Appointments, availability, arranging times, rescheduling, canceling, and confirming plans.

Object clitics for direct and indirect objects, placement with verbs, and common verb-object patterns.

Prepositional pronouns, pronoun forms attached to prepositions, and common preposition-pronoun combinations.

Possessive noun phrases with n, ownership chains, family relations, and part-whole relationships.

The perfective form for completed actions, past events, and result states.

Common irregular perfective forms, stem changes, and high-frequency past-time verbs.

Negative perfective forms, verb stem alternations in negation, and past negative meanings.

Telling simple past events, ordering actions, time markers, and narrative connectors.

Weather terms, temperature, sky conditions, natural surroundings, landscapes, and environmental descriptions.

Animals, plants, farming terms, natural materials, and describing living things.

Personal likes, dislikes, preferences, favorite things, and degrees of enjoyment.

Emotions, moods, reactions, personal states, and describing how people feel.

Modal meanings for ability, possibility, necessity, obligation, permission, and willingness.

Requests, offers, invitations, accepting, refusing, thanking, and polite softening.

Adverbs of manner, time, place, degree, frequency, and their position in the sentence.

Comparatives, superlatives, equality, difference, intensity, and ranking people or things.

Coordinating conjunctions for addition, contrast, choice, result, and sequence.

Cause, reason, purpose, condition, concession, and time clauses with common subordinators.

Basic word order, verb-initial and subject-initial patterns, emphasis, and information flow.

Sports, games, hobbies, leisure activities, equipment, and talking about free time.

Travel vocabulary, accommodation, luggage, tickets, border crossing phrases, and trip planning.

Phone calls, messaging expressions, contact details, greetings at a distance, and ending conversations.

Technology devices, apps, internet use, settings, troubleshooting, and digital actions.

School subjects, study routines, academic objects, explaining tasks, and discussing learning experiences.

Occupations, roles, tasks, tools, workplaces as locations, and describing what people do.

Money terms, bank services, payments, saving, borrowing, bills, and common financial transactions.

Quantifiers for some, many, few, enough, all, each, none, and approximate amounts.

Indefinite words for someone, something, anywhere, no one, nothing, and related negative structures.

Relative pronouns, relative particles, subject relatives, object relatives, and descriptive noun clauses.

Complement clauses after verbs of saying, thinking, wanting, knowing, and feeling.

Reported statements, reported questions, changes in pronouns, time reference, and speech-reporting verbs.

Direct speech patterns, quotation framing, speaker changes, and verbs of speaking.

Conditional sentences for real, possible, unlikely, and counterfactual situations.

Hypothetical wishes, unreal situations, regrets, and alternative outcomes.

Advice, recommendations, warnings, suggestions, and evaluating possible actions.

Agreement, disagreement, partial agreement, correction, and respectful contradiction.

Personal opinions, reasons, evidence, uncertainty, and degrees of confidence.

Cause-and-effect language, consequences, explanations, and logical links between events.

Purpose expressions, intentions, goals, means, and expected outcomes.

Concessive expressions for although, even if, despite, nevertheless, and contrastive reasoning.

Passive and impersonal meanings, agent omission, general statements, and event-focused sentences.

Causative verb formation, making someone do something, causing states, and derived meanings.

Reciprocal verb formation, mutual actions, shared activities, and reciprocal relationships.

Reflexive and middle meanings, actions affecting the subject, spontaneous events, and state changes.

Verb derivation families, stem patterns, meaning shifts, and recognizing related words.

Noun formation from verbs, agent nouns, action nouns, place nouns, and abstract nouns.

Adjective formation, participial meanings, quality nouns, and descriptive word families.

Focus particles, cleft-like structures, contrastive emphasis, and highlighting new information.

Topic-fronting, afterthoughts, pronoun resumption, and organizing old and new information.

Discourse markers for starting, continuing, shifting, summarizing, and ending conversations.

Turn-taking, interruptions, hesitation, repair, clarification, and keeping conversation natural.

Story openings, background setting, event chains, climax, resolution, and narrative viewpoint.

Detailed descriptions of people, places, objects, processes, scenes, and sensory impressions.

Explaining procedures, instructions, rules, steps, conditions, exceptions, and troubleshooting.

Definitions, classifications, examples, comparisons, and explaining unfamiliar concepts clearly.

Arguments, claims, supporting reasons, counterarguments, concessions, and conclusions.

Persuasion, recommendations, proposals, benefits, risks, and calls to action.

Formal and informal choices in greetings, requests, pronouns, vocabulary, and sentence style.

Respectful address, softening, indirectness, apologies, thanks, and social distance in language.

Informal speech patterns, common contractions or reductions, everyday idioms, and casual interaction formulas.

Common idiomatic expressions, fixed phrases, figurative meanings, and appropriate contexts.

Proverbs and formulaic sayings as language patterns for advice, evaluation, and shared reasoning.

Synonyms, near-synonyms, antonyms, intensity differences, and precise word choice.

Borrowed vocabulary from Arabic, French, and other sources, adapted meanings, and common doublets.

Regional variants in Central Atlas Tamazight vocabulary, forms, and common alternative expressions.

Abstract vocabulary for identity, belief, memory, knowledge, truth, value, freedom, and responsibility.

Science-related vocabulary for measurement, materials, energy, living systems, health, and basic technical explanation.

Law, rights, duties, rules, procedures, permissions, prohibitions, and public administration terms.

Community issues, public services, infrastructure, safety, environment, and collective decision-making language.

Statistics, trends, proportions, probability, estimates, graphs, and interpreting numerical information.

Complex noun phrases with multiple modifiers, embedded clauses, possession chains, and apposition.

Dense clause combinations, long sentences, parenthetical information, and layered subordination.

Fine distinctions in time, duration, repetition, completion, interruption, and ongoing relevance.

Evidential and epistemic meanings for certainty, inference, hearsay, assumption, doubt, and likelihood.

Evaluation language for importance, usefulness, beauty, fairness, quality, difficulty, and success.

Nuanced emotions, attitudes, interpersonal tension, empathy, admiration, disappointment, and resentment.

Humor, irony, teasing, understatement, exaggeration, and playful double meanings.

Metaphor, simile, personification, symbolic wording, and figurative extension in everyday language.

Cohesion through reference, substitution, ellipsis, connectors, repetition, and lexical chains.

Coherence across longer explanations, narratives, arguments, topic development, and perspective shifts.

Summaries, paraphrases, reformulations, definitions in simpler terms, and preserving core meaning.

Diplomatic disagreement, hedging, careful claims, sensitive topics, and avoiding overstatement.

Advanced question forms, rhetorical questions, echo questions, loaded questions, and follow-up questions.

Complex negation, negative polarity expressions, double-scope meanings, and contrastive negatives.

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses, omitted arguments, recoverable meaning, and compact expression.

Anaphora, cataphora, pronoun reference, ambiguity avoidance, and tracking participants across discourse.

High-precision connectors for contrast, consequence, reformulation, concession, condition, and progression.

Specialized descriptive vocabulary for texture, sound, movement, appearance, personality, and atmosphere.

Subtle distinctions in verbs of motion, placement, taking, giving, seeing, thinking, and speaking.

Multiword verbs, verb-preposition combinations, idiomatic complements, and argument patterns.

Noun-adjective, verb-noun, adverb-adjective, and fixed lexical combinations used in natural expression.

Common errors in agreement, state, clitic placement, aspect selection, prepositions, and word order.

Style shifting between casual, neutral, careful, formal, and highly precise expression.

Concise expression through nominalization, ellipsis, compound structures, and reduced repetition.

Expanded expression through explanation, examples, restatement, qualification, and elaboration.

Exact meanings, implications, presuppositions, ambiguity, and choosing wording for intended interpretation.

Pragmatic meanings beyond literal words, indirect requests, implied criticism, hints, and conversational inference.

Real-time interaction strategies for managing misunderstandings, reformulating, negotiating meaning, and maintaining flow.

Native-like formulaic sequences for openings, responses, transitions, repairs, reactions, and closings.

Highly nuanced expression of complex ideas across concrete, abstract, interpersonal, and technical domains.